Assess The Difference Between Positive And Negative Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is rewarding a behavior with a consequence that is pleasant to the recipient in order to encourage the behavior. An example of this in The Breakfast Club

Reinforcement is an essential part in identifying and encouraging a certain behavior. In the most classic definition, positive reinforcement is a method of identifying to children which behaviors are acceptable and appropriate and which are not (Sigler, E. & Aamidor, S, 2005). Reinforcement is often given as praise for doing a certain task. As educators, saying “great job” or a simple word like “fantastic” are expressed towards students as praise. However, when a student is struggling and praise is given such as “you are doing so well”, the negative aspects of praise present themselves. The child is aware of the empty praise therefore it may work against the teacher if it is taken as a false

Positive reinforcement is a very compelling and efficient tool to help form and change habits. Positive reinforcement works by imparting a motivating item to the individual after the preferred behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen sooner than later. An instance of this tactic would be Jimmy getting $10 for each A he earned on his report card. The definition

There are two types of reinforcement; positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement strengthens the behavior through positive stimulus and includes a positive reinforcer, which causes the behavior to

Positive and negative reinforcement can be used in simple cases as well as the more challenging cases to modify a behavior. Human service workers and parents can use operant conditioning to change the way a child acts in the classroom. If a child continues to interrupt the classroom environment, negative reinforcement such as placing the child by his or herself instead of with friends can be used to deter the behavior. Likewise, if the desired behavior is acknowledged or rewarded, the good behavior will likely continue. This behavioral modification technique also can be used with someone looking to overcome substance abuse. The individual should have a stimulus that he or she can focus on to make the change. If one is trying to overcome substance abuse to gain custody of his or her children for example, positive reinforcement can be used when the individual reaches certain desirable goals. Negative reinforcement, such as losing the opportunity to see the children if there is a slip on recovery can give that person the incentive to quit the negative behavior and work toward bettering his or her life.

Reinforcement means to strengthen, and is used in psychology to refer to anything stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response. For example, if you want your child to do something more and more, you may give her a treat every time she does that. Thus the child will eventually know that if I do this, it will be followed by a treat and the more you praise her the more she repeats that. This might be cleaning the table after every meal that she takes and you give her praise or a tin of yoghurt for cleaning the table. Another example of reinforcement could be something happening at work when you know that a promotion comes after a hard work. This is done in different forms of reinforcements which are positive and negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. There are also different reinforcement schedules which are fixed and variable ratios and fixed and variable intervals. All these are used in our day to day living when people are being rewarded or punished for different responses. This was done by BF Skinner through his experiments which gave him a result that any behaviour is followed by a consequence. (http://www.allpsych.com/tests/psychology/learning.html)

Reinforcement is used by parents, caregivers, and adults to show children the desired behavior. Positive Reinforcement avoids using punishment, yelling, degradation (Boyd & Bee, 2009). Reinforcement has been around for years and has been used around the world by generations of parents. It is a familiar term in modern society. There are many examples of research that support the positive effect reinforcement has on children.

Therefore, there is a requirement to expand the discussion about however reinforcement affects behaviour. Reinforcement is seen as: “an event, a circumstance, or a condition that increases the chance that a given response can recur in a scenario like that within which the reinforcing condition originally occurred” (TAHMDC, 2007). Meanwhile, Azrin and Holz (1966, cited in Skiba and Deno, 1991) defined penalty thus:

B.F. Skinner’s theory of behaviorism claims that behavior is directed by environmental reinforcements, some natural and some intentionally applied. Skinner proposed three possible consequences of any behavior: reinforcements which are consequences which increase the likelihood of behavior (such as praise or food), punishments which tend to decrease behavior (such as a frown or a traffic ticket), and the lack of reinforcement or punishment which also tends to decrease behavior (such as no response to the punch line of a joke). He also holds that reinforcers can be learned (money becomes valuable because of it 's

Operant conditioning is described as "[t]he association between a behavior and its consequences" Operant conditioning includes four classes to change behaviors, which include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Out of the ways to change behaviors, positive reinforcement, typically serves to work more efficiently than the other three considering the consequences. Furthermore, B.F Skinner and Thorndike have found that rewarding behaviors with primary reinforcers can be very influential because, for instance, food is essential for survival (Caccioppo, J., & Freberg, L. (2015).

In the field of Applied Behavior Analysis, reinforcement is a term used to delivering an item to increase the likelihood the behavior will increase in the future. Therefore, the advantage of the reinforcement is that the professionals is increasing appropriate behavior, and decreasing undesirable behaviors. Another advantage of reinforcement is that the motivation operation, establishing operations, will increase and cause the client to display the appropriate behavior more frequently. Another advantage of reinforcement is that the reinforcement can be low or no code. For example, social praise does not require payment and edibles are an advantage for those clients that are low functioning clients. Another advantage is that the professional

As in punishment, there are two different processes of reinforcement; positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement increases a behavior by adding something into the environment, such as praise for a wanted behavior. Negative reinforcement takes something out of the environment. Escape and avoidance are both types of negative reinforcement. Escape involves taking something negative, which is already part of the environment, away. Avoidance keeps negative from ever entering the environment.

One of the simplest and most commonly-used methods of conceptualizing learning is that of reinforcement theory (Noe 2010: 142). Every time a parent promises a child a toy for being good during a grocery store trip or threatens a teen with being grounded for bad grades, he or she is using reinforcement theory. Reinforcement theory is based upon the assumption that people want to experience as much pleasure as possible and avoid pain. Thus, businesses offer workers bonuses for good work, and issue reprimands (such as docking pay or denying a promotion) for poor behavior.

Another downfall of the utility of punishment is its inability to encourage the proper actions, contrary to those being penalised. "While punishment may lead to the suppression of the specific punished behaviour, it is unlikely to promote desired substitutes for that behaviour" (Gray, 2002, pp.116). For this reason, punishment alone cannot be expected to shape individuals to conform to appropriate behaviour.

     There are two forms of reinforcement: positive and negative reinforcement. When an event occurs producing a positive effect, it is considered positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus increasing the likelihood of a positive effect. An example of this would be to take two aspirins to remove the pain from a headache.