Assessing the Settlement of Laws Related to Corruption: Tanzania

Political corruption is a major problem in the US today. It involves almost all levels of government and affects people from all walks of life. Public office is a noble post and citizens put their trust in government officials to carry out their constitutional duties for the benefit of the citizenry. The problem comes in where both elected and unelected officials perform their duties with the goal of personal gain in full view of the law. The ethical and moral wrongs of corruption are unjustifiable in any context.

Someone who is abusing the power that is given to him or her defines corruption, however, the word in its self is more than a simple idea; it is an intricate network. Since people’s views about ethical and moral behavior affect the way corruption is examined, the word has a slightly different meaning to each person. Additionally, misconduct across various societies is viewed differently due to social and cultural borders. The criminal justice system has had many instances where corruption had affected the outcome of a case and has inserted itself into the legal process.

First, it is important to define what corruption is. The term, “corruption” covers a broad range of human actions,

This essay will look at police corruption and how it represents a significant threat to miscarriages of justice. This essay is going to look at the four-part typology of police corruption and misconduct. Furthermore this essay will look at the constant factors that there are contributing to police corruption and misconduct. This essay will also look at the ways in which the police are able to measure the amount of corruption that there is within the policing organisation. The essay will also look at the ways police corruption would be investigated and also who would investigate corruption claims. This essay will also look at miscarriages of justice case where police corruption has occurred. Finally in this essay it will look at what can be done in order to prevent police corruption from occurring.

It would be convenient to start this research paper by stating that corruption is a challenge mainly for businesses in developing countries and that it is unrelated to the current affliction of the economy in the United States. It would also be convenient to claim corruption has declined in America as a result of awareness raising campaigns and the numerous anti-corruption laws. But none of those aforementioned statements would be true. Corruption is not the exception, but rather the rule in today’s business practices. In 2004, Daniel Kaufmann, a senior fellow at Brookings Institution and former director at the World Bank, calculated an index of "legally corrupt" manifestations which is defined as the extent of undue influence

The following paper evaluates different sources that explain why is important to define corruption as a human right violation. In the same way, the research makes a deep emphasis of the benefits that the redefining corruption and including it into the International Bill of Rights. It seeks to describe the different types of corruption and their means of affecting the civil and political, as well as the economic, social and cultural rights of the people. Continuing with a deep description of the different aspects of the International Law and its appliance to past and current events in the global community. Followed by a scholar research of the different aspects that scholars argue that convert corruption in a crime directly tied to human rights violations.

Corruption is one of the worst evils to enter society; it has seemed to become a type of faith on its own. The way it is evil is that corruption has blinded society by the way we think and act, it allows people in society to think that doing evil things is an ok thing to do. The reason corruption has changed the way society thinks is, when we hear that it has not only led to the breaking of the managerial system and weak authority, but also some serious causes like poverty. Which, has led to the society’s disability to think and act freely,

Accountability is needed in every field and aspect because if no one is held responsible for committing wrongful acts then it will get worse. This is where the true issue lies; incumbents may become powerful and feel invisible because they are getting away with wrongful acts. Once that happens, corruptions begin to take place. Corruption is a topic that has held a lot of scholars’ attention in every field (criminal justice, politics, banking, etc.). Every field has a different aspect of corruption. Socialists believe that the main cause are social and culture; that it hinders public welfare and social development. Political scientists believe that institutions that are not transparent, low salaries for public servants and a lack of free and well-functioning market mechanisms are precursors of corruption. Legal scholars concentrate on the nature of legal system and its administration. Macroeconomists concentrate on frail economic institutions and lack of transparent economics and lack of transparent economic intuitions as basis.

People have to be informed about consequences of future corruption action. Nowadays, each country has different types of punishment. Concerning to punishment by heavier fines will have strong deterrence effects and is also an effective way to punish those guilty of corruption. Punishment by imprisonment and capital execution will have much stronger deterrence effects because the opportunity costs for corrupters will be relatively higher if they are put in jail or even executed. Imprisonment and execution will, on the other hand, increase social costs, which include not only the direct costs of jail administration and other related expenses, but also the foregone productive ability when they are imprisoned or executed. In this sense, removing corrupt officials permanently from public offices and an increase in monetary fines may possibly be a socially efficient method for deterrence and punishment of

Hardly any day passes without corruption in India, corruption in India has been increasing day by day. The root of corruption lies in the hands of the govt. ministers, members of parliament, civil servants, govt. employees, and the people associated with it. The citizens are sovereign and their rights are the basis of the governance of the country. People cannot fight against corruption alone unless they have some support, they have some power, by which they can fight corruption. More and more business companies, policy makers, mediators etc. have started talking about the corrupt people more openly; these people have started taking corruption more seriously. Nagaranjan Vittal, former Vigilance commissioner of India, who advocated the right to corruption free service to be a fundamental right of every citizen of the country. He further pointed out that it is very important to sensitize the entire population of the country and bring together every man of that country to fight corruption.

Corruption is no longer a local matter, but a phenomenon transcends national boundaries and affects all societies and economies, making international cooperation to prevent and control is necessary. (Shamiyya, 2008)

As governed people the thought of can this problem solved comes into question. Political corruption can feel intimidating and far-off. People need to call on their legislators and public administrators to be responsible for their activities. Can people really have faith in them if they do not let their constituents know what they are undertaking? People must mandate that they put in place protocols which will force them to act openly. Then corruption has nowhere to hide. And the faith in the political progression will be restored. When influential leaders act visibly, showing their constituents undoubtedly what they do, then people can make knowledgeable selections when they vote. And politicians can be held accountable once selected. From popular assemblies to big organizations, civil culture has a vigorous part to play. Then the governed people can display polling operations and parties’ actions. If government possessions are ill-treated, somebody must report

This paired with poor law enforcement yields an impossibly hard to get rid of corruption. In Kenya, political corruption has grown rampant. People, who are supposed to be representing the interests of their constituency, instead take money from the constituents to keep their representative positions.

Corruption is a complex political, social, and economic anomaly that negatively affects developing and developed countries. It weakens democratic institutions, holds economic development, widening the rich-poor gap and certainly leads to governmental instability. The World Bank definition of corruption states that “…the abuse of public office for private gain”.

Eventhough there might be distortion in achieving government policy, which is sometime is cause by unavoidable external cause, the citizen are expecting Public Administration would be handle it in a way that would bring less impact to the society. In order to satisfy citizen’s almost idealistic expectations, Public Administration must have the sense of highest integrity. Government are entrusted with public funds and resources, and must adhere to the highest ethical standards. Honesty, integrity, propriety, and objectivity, These goals can only be achieved through a combination of individual proffesionalism, personal standards and rigorous control framework (Deloitte). These years, people are began to question government officials integrity and government are trying to promotes the importance of integrity to their officials as well as to the citizens. For example in Malaysia, the government had establish Malaysian Integrity Instituition and Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission, that would receive reports from citizens regarding the misbehaviour of government officials.