Assessment Of Patients With Suspected Stable Angina

Cardiovascular diseases has affected large number of population worldwide and in developed countries it is responsible for half of all deaths, coronary artery disease (CAD) alone is responsible for 1 of every 4.7 deaths in the United States (Eichner et al., 2002).

Clearly differentiate the pathophysiology of angina and myocardial infarction, including signs and symptoms. (5 marks)

In Focus on Pharmacology Essentials For Health Professionals, Jahangir Moini states “angina pectoris is a common form of ischemic heart disease and often precedes and accompanies MI” (Moini, 2013. p.359). When having angina, a patient will feel pressure in the chest like a squeezing sensation and the pain can travel to the jaw, down the arm, into the neck, shoulders, or back.

The patient major symptom of chest pain, accompanied by SOB and diaphoresis prompted him to seek help in the emergency room (ER). He had this similar symptoms that eased up with rest for the past six months. However, in the past four days the symptoms became severe and unbearable. The patient returns to the hospital for follow up visit regarding the stent placement and review of risk factors associated with angina. The patient is still apprehensive of experiencing another episode of angina.

Chronic heart conditions or cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are conditions related to the heart and blood vessels. This paper will serve to outline some common CVDs and discuss associated symptoms and complications. Additionally, contributing risk factors will be addressed. CVDs are the leading cause of mortality world-wide with an estimated 17.5 million people dying in 2012 from chronic heart conditions (World Health Organization, 2016). Coronary heart disease and stroke are shown to be the leading cause of these deaths with the majority of deaths taking place in remote areas with low or disadvantaged socioeconomic communities. As reflected in 2011-12 Australian Health Survey data (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016), it is estimated that 22% of Australian adults (3.7 million people) were affected by at least one cardiovascular disease.

With the increased consumption of fast-food and poor lifestyle choices, we have become an increasingly obese nation. For this reason, diseases such as cardiovascular disease have been on the rise. Cardiovascular disease is the combined term for a number of diseases concerning the heart and the blood vessels. Many of these life threatening diseases are related to a condition called atherosclerosis. The condition creates plaque build-up on the walls of the blood vessels. The plaque effects the flow of blood making it harder and can lead to blood clots which stops the flow of blood altogether. The two main effects to this are heart attacks and strokes however, other types of cardiovascular disease includes complete heart failure, arrhythmia

Patient WS is a 52 years old male his complained of crushing chest pain, shortness of breathe with exertion and diaphoretic. His has history of present illness of angina. The patient has a history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and cholecystectomy. He is a full-time carpenter, no known allergies, smokes one pack per day, and no active exercise. The patient takes one heavy meal per day and mostly skips breakfast and eats fast foods for lunch.

According to the CDC’s website, heart disease or Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the number 1 killer in the United States for both men and women. For women though, there is a higher risk of dying from heart disease. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1 in 4 women dies from CHD. Studies have shown that men are more likely to develop CHD at a younger age than women, but they tend to bounce back from complications better than women do.

D.L., a 33 year old female with history of Coronary Artery Disease was admitted with complaints of chest pain. The patient had Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty or PCTA in 2011. The chest pain started 3 days ago upon admission and described the pain as 3 out of 10 in pain scale for severity. The patient stated that the pain feels like a squeezing pain on the chest and no aggravating factors caused it as she recalls. The patient used Nitroglycerine to alleviate the pain, which lasted about 4 hours each past several days. The patient also stated that she was not sick, no fever or chills, and did not experience any nausea and vomiting.

For patients who have an acute coronary syndrome with or without ST-segment elevation, are being treated with Brilinta (ticagrelor) rather than Plavix (clopidogrel) significantly reduce the risk of thrombotic cardiovascular events?

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients. While the symptoms and signs of (CAD) are noted in the advanced state of disease, most individuals with (CAD) show no evidence of disease for decades as the disease progress before the first onset of symptoms, often a “Sudden” heart attack, After decades of progression, some of these atheromatous plaques may rupture (along with the activation of the blood clotting system) limiting blood flow to the heart muscle.

Abstract: Angina pectoris and the coronary artery disease that can follow, can easily be mistaken as a less severe problem, but knowing the facts, can save your life. There are three different types of angina pectoris and can happen to both active and sedentary individuals . There are many symptoms, causes, ways to diagnosis and treat that doctors can utilize to prolong the life of patients.

There are many things that men and women that obtain differently. There is a disease that is the top death rate (Krucik, 2014). That many more women get than men. Coronary Artery Disease is the disease that is more common in women than men. Coronary Artery Disease, but it is also known as Coronary Artery Disease and Ischemic Heart Disease, is when the arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscles become hardened and narrowed. It is caused by the buildup of cholesterol and plaque on the inner walls and it also can because of smoking and aging.

Clearly differentiate the pathophysiology of angina and myocardial infarction, including signs and symptoms. (5 marks)

Thorough analysis of Bill’s, clinical presentation, risk factors and family history, indicates that he is suffering a S-T elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). STEMI’s are one of many life-threatening diseases including unstable angina and sudden coronary death that are umbrellaed under the term acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (Kumar & Cannon, 2009; Roach et al., 2015). ACS’s are all characterised by incisive, reduction in coronary blood circulation to a particular region of the heart. More specifically a STEMI is the result of superimposed thrombus formation followed by atherosclerotic plaque rupture in a coronary artery (Bentzon, Otsuka, Virmani, & Falk, 2014). Atherosclerosis occurs due to cholesterol deposition over a long period of time and Bill’s history of hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for this condition. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture or fissuration leads