Assignment 1 Sheltered Instructional Approach

Without having some continued support that teaches the students the types of skills they will need in a mainstream classroom, it is unreasonable to expect them to be highly successful in these settings. Gibbons (2015) also explains that many people feel explicitly teaching things such as grammar and social rules can help reduce some of the social inequalities that can result from speaking a language other than English at home (p. 108). By being more explicit, students will be able to achieve educational success.

“Code switching is a strategy that helps us communicate in socially and culturally appropriate ways. As we think about how we speak to different audiences — such as colleagues, pastors, doctors, children, and service workers — we recognize our own use of code switching. This is a natural and often unconscious response to modify our use of vocabulary, sentence structure, intonation, and topic of discussion according to our audience” (O’Neal & Ringler, 2010). Code switching is helpful in the classroom when teachers are able to use the local dialect but explain why he or she is using it and when it is appropriate. For example, in research papers students need to use Standard English so that it looks professional and informational. For narratives and creative works it is okay to use different dialects and word choice because it gives readers details about the author’s voice and writing style. Teachers can also teach students to be bi-dialectal so they can know how to speak to different types of people in different places. They can do this by comparing words we use in Standard English to words that are used in different cultures that mean the same thing. By using the students’ native/home language or dialect, we can bridge the gap and achieve the target goal of students learning Academic/Standard

Language is the primary way to communicate, learn and express identity. People, who have native-like control of two or more languages or are simply bilingual, establish their identity through code-switching. Code-switching refers to using more than language or variety in conversation. Code-switching is an essential skill for bilinguals. People with mixed cultural identity require the proficiency in code-switching to show loyalty to more than one cultural or social group.

It refers to the use of the two languages within sentences or a conversation. When this alternation between the two languages occur at the sentence level it is referred to as code-mixing. According to Paradis et al. (2011), code switching and mixing are used by many typically developing, proficient bilinguals in all countries of all languages. This suggests that code switching is a perfectly normal behavior that does not need therapeutic intervention. Bilingual children commonly use switch coding to help them connect the languages they are learning. Researchers have found that code switching may occur in varying frequency depending on the situation or the context of interaction. However, increased use of the behavior suggests lack of competency in the language that is being used less frequently (Roseberry-McKibbin,

The author suggests screening native language and English language and literacy development from early education through the transition process, and then in English when students are prepared to leave and are no longer getting reading instruction in the native language. The author states that a team method to problem solving that considers many of these issues may ease the progress of a proper instructional plan. Plans and instructional routines such as repetitive language, rapid pacing, modeling, time to practice, and discuss school employees do not delay literacy instruction until student’s English oral skills are well-developed, but instead support Students benefit when school employees are focused on meeting student’s educational needs rather than on finding an outside source to explain the educational needs. Instructors, including the ones in special education, are worried that they do not have the knowledge and skills to properly teach English language learners. The author states how these teachers are scared that their lack of knowledge of the student 's native language makes them unable of providing valuable education. That 's why, it is important that teachers are provided with the resources required to support them in this process.

This set the precedent of allowing increased funding as the Bilingual Education Act made additional English instruction mandatory. Programs such as ESL classes and sheltered immersion were created to help these students make connections between the content and the language that they are learning. ESL classes have specialists come to the classroom to help the student, while sheltered immersion classes have more specialized teachers that can help facilitate the connections between the students’ native language and English so that they are able to understand the importance of the content they are learning.

Sheltered Instruction is an approach to teach English language learners which integrates language and content instruction. To develop grade-level content area knowledge, academic skills, and increase English proficiency. Sheltered English Instruction has been used since the 1980’s, and the way the connection was made with English learners, was when students were considered “sheltered” because they studied in classes separate from “ the mainstream” and did not compete academically with native English speakers. Today the majority of ELLs study among side to native English speakers, and accommodate to the same curriculum and high-stakes tests. Teachers now see sheltered instruction of a way of teaching English language and content in English.

This practice allows teachers the opportunity to gauge how much practice ELL students actually receive with speaking English in “real life”. Teachers who have participated in Shadowing programs have noted an oral deficiency in ELLs’, but have also noted that ELLs sit silently through their classes, not interacting with other students or with their teachers. Soto, an associate professor of education at Whittier College in California indicates that English-language learners spend less than 2 percent of the school day improving their academic oral language, even though it’s a critical foundation of literacy (Soto, 2014). As indicated, based on the results of this pilot program, participating teachers will plan together, how to provide more opportunities for “academic talk”, to include ELL students, during classroom activities. School administrators will also tailor, teacher development training programs to instruct teachers on how to be more inclusive of all of their students during classroom discussions and to be sensitive as to whether ELL students would benefit most by practicing the language relating to particular content areas or whether the focus should be placed more on conversational English skills (Heitin, Liana 2011). Additionally, teachers will be instructed to ensure that needed practice occurs in settings which will best facilitate ELL learner’s individual needs (e.g., some ELLs may learn better in small group discussions and others may

She also notes the difference between academia language also known as CALPS: cognitive academic language proficiency and meaningful language - BICS: basic interpersonal communication skills. She mentions how academic language requires more comprehension of the language than interpersonal language; which is more informal and contextual. She also illustrates the importance of treating students for who they are going to become, not the by the fact that they are struggling. A methodology that is represented throughout the book that illustrates the ways teachers can accommodate their language learning students is with scaffolding. Scaffolding is a variety of instructional techniques that are used to assist students to move towards a better understanding of the content and towards independence when it comes to their learning processes. The teacher provides a form of temporary support that will assist the students reach increased levels of understanding and skills acquisition that would not be achievable without aid. All in all, this book will be great for all K-12 teachers and professors; but, I did not review this book because I already did a book review for this book in a different course and it would not widen my prospects of learning more about special

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP), is a high quality instruction model, that guides teachers of English Language Learners (ELL) in providing well planed lessons, to enable students to be successful in second language acquisition. The SIOP is research-based, and field-tested as well as being closely aligned to ELL and State content language standards. The purposes of this paper is to create and describe a SIOP model lesson plan, and identify and

Code-switching is used on the latter parts of the film to emphasize on ideas that are only best understood through a certain language. When Flor talks to Cristina, she only speaks in Spanish. I see a sudden change in mood whenever she does this. The conversations become more sincere, more heartfelt. At one scene, nonetheless, Flor spoke to Cristina in English after she said “I need some space.” Flor exclaimed, “no space between us,” in broken English. The desire to bridge the gap between them intensified. Then, she reverted back to speak in Spanish to truly convey what is on her mind. The emotions just became realistic. This scene, for me, is what made the movie moving for the

Code Switching is the ability to change one’s language from two or more different languages or even dialects while talking. Code switching serves as a means of connecting individuals with certain communities. This can be seen with speakers of Spanish, who might code switch to Spanglish in order to exclude those around them that they know will not understand. We can also see an example of this in Lo’s study of code switching. Chazz, a Chinese-American, code switches into Korean when he wants to associate his opinion with Ken, a Korean-American. With the same use of code switching Ken states, “Doshite ‘Why’ (in Japanese),” (466.) In order to distance himself from Chazz, Ken code switches into Japanese because he does not want Chazz’s opinion

Ms. Sullivan is a third grade teacher at an elementary school where English language learners (ELLs) make up approximately 85 percent of the student population. The majority of the third graders she teaches are of Asian, African American, and Hispanic ethnicities and seem to be within the intermediate stages of English language proficiency. In the video lesson, Ms. Sullivan presents a whole group math lesson measuring temperature using a thermometer. In this lesson, Ms. Sullivan utilizes a wide variety of sheltered instructional strategies to improve her ELLs’ language development.

There are number of reasons which have been put forward by different applied linguists in EFL class. There are situation where switching occurs to convey and drive meanings to make the communication possible and easy. One may code switch to get the attention of literate, to appeal to the illiterate, to convey the little but compressible sense to make communication possible, to capture attention of authority, to emphasize an important point, to make communication effective, to show his/her identity with a particular community, to decrease the status gaps, to gain

Therefore, some people think that the use of mixed Cantonese and English destroys the purity of Chinese. Code-switching takes an important part of Hong Kong’s people daily life, but some people think that it makes our language a second-class language. Code-switching function as a special cultural feature of Hong Kong and it has appeared in Hong Kong for a long time, somehow it becomes part of Hong Kong as well, which people even created a new term for it —“Chinglish”. So it is important for us to study the code-switching behaviour of Hong Kong