Assignment 2: A Qualitative Study

In our time period, there is a significant increase in the average body index in all age groups and most commonly with the women who are entering their reproduction age. According to the article, “Weight Gain During Pregnancy”, a normal weighted gravida, or pregnant woman, has BMI of 18.5–24.9 Kg/m2, over-weight gravida has BMI of 25–29.9 Kg/m2, and obese gravida has BMI of 30 and greater Kg/m2. Obese pregnant women face many critical health risks compare to normal weight pregnant women. In the study “Maternal Obesity a Global Health Problem and Its Implications on Maternal and Fetal Health”, by Hashmi and his colleagues, they aimed to find out if obese women were at greater risk of having adverse reproductive outcomes compared to women with a normal BMI. By using

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011-2012, more than 34% of all adults are obese in that their BMI exceeds 24 (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). Interestingly, though this prevalence is high, it seems as though there has not been an increase since the same study done from 2003-2004. This seems to imply that we have plateaued at the peak that we have been rising towards since 1976 (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). To take this further, during the time of increasing incidences, in a study done from 1990-2004, it was seen that “the incidence of maternal obesity at the start of pregnancy [was] increasing and accelerating” which corresponds with the previous study’s findings (Heslehurst, et al.,

Multiple antenatal, antepartum, and postpartum challenges are incurred with a BMI of > 45. Miscarriage is at an increased risk among women with elevated BMI as well as prevalence of GDM and preexisting diabetes. First trimester screening for previously unrecognized diabetes with an early glucose screening is recommended. Obese women have an increased risk for hypertensive disorders as well as preeclampsia. It is not clear whether low-dose aspirin therapy is effective in reducing the likelihood of developing preeclampsia among women with an elevated BMI; however, low-dose aspirin is low-risk and therefore, can help decrease the risk for preeclampsia among women with moderate to high risk of developing the disease. Obstructive sleep apnea may be precipitated or exacerbated during pregnancy and may increase the risk of preeclampsia and GDM. Women who are obese have an increased risk for preterm birth. Maternal obesity is also associated with an increase in absolute rate of congenital anomalies. In addition, congenital anomalies are often more difficult to detect by prenatal ultrasound given acoustic limitations. (Detection decreases by 20%) Finally, there is an increased risk of dysfunctional labor in addition to complications that are incurred should an operative delivery be required. Weight gain goals recommended in obesity are 10-15 lb. Unfortunately, weight loss during pregnancy is not recommended. Serial surveillance

The main purpose of this assessment is to guarantee a healthy baby, with low risk to Angie’s health. At present Angie weigh’s 177.5 lbs. and her height is 5’5”, this puts her BMI at 30 she is classified as being obese (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2015, p. 292). She is currently experiencing some complications at this stage in her pregnancy. Additionally she desires to keep her weight in line with the recommended weight gain guidelines for pregnant women which are about 11-20 lbs., during her entire nine months of pregnancy (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2015, p. 369).

On the other hand there was a cross-sectional study of 1900 morbidly obese women less than 50 years old done by Valderhaug, Hertel, Nordstrand, Dale, Hofsø, & Hjelmesæth (2015). The aim of the study was to investigate if morbidly obese women with hyperandrogenemia (HA) have higher odds of metabolic syndrome than those without HA, independent of PCOS. The result showed that obesity had a major impact on metabolic syndrome and PCOS (Valderhaug et al.,

This source was useful in providing the results of the participants including the negative effects that obesity can cause from improper health situations and also from unhealthy family factors. The statistical data leaves no room for bias within the article. The strength of this research article includes the methodology used throughout the

According to Petrofsky et al. (2010) obesity has become a predisposition to numerous chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Women tend to have additional factors that promote being overweight such as pregnancy, overall decreased muscle mass, and hormonal factors in comparison to men who have increased muscle mass and lack the hormonal and pregnancy impact that may cause weight gain. In addition to the factors previously mentioned, recent studies have shown that women who are overweight going into a pregnancy tend to remain, or become even more overweight following pregnancy. The authors of the Petrofsky et al. study also look at the changes in posture and the alignment of the skeleton during pregnancy that

Objectives: The objective of the research article was to test the use of metformin verses a placebo as a potential solution to reducing insulin resistance in order to reduce the incidence of obesity-related complications in women during pregnancy such as gestational diabetes mellitus and excessive gestational weight gain.

The purpose of the article is to review and critique the article “Changes in Maternal Characteristics in Nova Scotia, Canada from 1988 to 2001” (Fell, et al., 2005). The study design of Fell et al., (2005) research analysis is a prospective perinatal population base cohort study from 1988 to 2001. The goal of the research was to trend specific characteristics like age, smoking and weight gain in pregnant women in the Nova Scotia area. In this paper, the writer will critique several different aspects of the article including discussion of the theoretical, methodological and interpretive dimension of the article. This criterion will be based on the article “A nurses’ guide to the critical reading of research.” Lastly, the critique will conclude with a brief summary of the writer’s thoughts on the research.

After reviewing the study and learning more about gestational diabetes, I feel that with more education and ensuring compliance in nutrition, testing, and follow up are beneficial to the pregnancy and after pregnancy as well. The importance of education, and compliance, however, is not only exclusive to gestational diabetic pregnancies. All pregnancies could benefit from increased education of nutrition, and importance of compliance with follow ups and testing. The challenge with the study was the loss of sample size, which is not just a problem for the study, but an issue felt by obstetricians, family physicians, and other pregnancy specialists; loss of sample size for the study is equal to lack of compliance of prenatal care in the office. Encouragement and more frequent checks on good prenatal care would benefit not just gestational diabetes

Morbid obesity has a strong conjunction with parturition dysfunction (Carlson et al., 2015). The biologic mechanism underlying impaired contractility of the uterus is an elevated level of leptin that may inhibit cervical ripening, fetal membrane weakening and spontaneous or stimulated uterine contractions. In our analysis, the prevalence of failed vaginal birth in the subgroup with undefined obstetrical history was 43%. Women who had

Music is very popular in the world. It's always changing. They’re so many different types of music: rap, pop, jazz, rock, gospel, country, and even more. They’re so many songs out in the world that has cover songs. In this paper I had to choose any song from any genre and two covers of the original song and conduct a survey. I chose to stick with pop music because that's what most people prefer. The song that I chose was Hello by Adele. My two covers are made by The Animal In Me, cover one, and Leroy Sanchez, cover two. Doing the survey I will learn how people respond to cover songs. I predict that most people would choose the second cover song by Leroy Sanchez because it's a guy who sings and the way he sings it lets you know how he really feels about what he’s saying.

-Elevated BMI or experiencing excessive pregnancy weight gain: Having a higher prepregnancy BMI or excessive weight gain during pregnancy increases a woman’s likelihood of spontaneous preterm birth or of necessitating a medically-induced preterm delivery which are more likely to contribute to low infant birth weight. A 12 year retrospective analysis of pregnant women noted that those who had a prepregnancy BMI of ≥30.0 kg/m2 were at higher risk of suffering from weight-related conditions such as hypertension and diabetes which can lead to a medically-induced preterm delivery (Aly et al., 2010a). Women with BMI levels ≤30 kg/m2 had a 14.5% risk of preterm delivery compared to the women who were obese (≥30.0 kg/m2) who had a 16.7% risk of preterm delivery and the morbidly obese (≥40.0 kg/m2) who had a 20.3% risk (Aly et al., 2010b). A Swedish population based cohort study also noted that obese women are at much higher risk of extremely preterm delivery compared to normal BMI women, with the risk increasing as the level of obesity increased; BMI 30-35

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as a glucose intolerance that has been diagnosed during pregnancy.1 GDM affects anywhere between 1% to 14% of pregnancies and is on the rise due to the global obesity epidemic.1 Such a large range is due to the differences in screening technique and diagnostic criteria. Those who have a higher risk include women who are obese, have a previous history of GDM, have a family member with type 2 diabetes, are a member of a certain ethnic group, older than 25 years, and/or have polycystic ovarian syndrome. 2,3 There is a higher prevalence of this disease among Native-American, Asian, African-American, and Hispanic populations.2

A healthy lifestyle during the prenatal period of pregnancy is a start to a healthy outcome for infants. It is important to promote healthier behaviors during pregnancy so the outcome is positive. Engaging in nutrition and achieving a healthy weight gain are essential. Physical activity during pregnancy is associated with reduced risks of pregnancy complications, better mental health, and fetal benefits including lower fat mass, improved stress tolerance, and advanced neurobehavioural maturation. Evidence supports associations between excessive gestational weight gain and increased birth weight include an increased risk of birthing large infants, cesarean surgery, excess postpartum weight retention, and overweight children (McGill University, 2015).