Asthma
Asthma is a disorder of the bronchial mucosa which causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Patients who suffer from asthma have a hyperresponsiveness of the airways which causes narrowing to stimuli that illicit no bronchoconstriction in patients without asthma or airway disease (McCance, 2014). Expert Panel 3 of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program defines asthmas as “a common chronic disorder of the airways that is complex and characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. The interaction of these features of asthma determines the clinical manifestations and severity of asthma and the response to treatment (Fanta, 2017).”
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Early Asthmatic Response The early asthmatic response is the initial exposure of the antigen to the bronchial mucosa (McCance, 2014). Dendritic cells present the antigen to CD4+ T cells which become Th2 cells which release cytokines. The Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-22 are released. Antigen specific IgE production is stimulated by IL-4. Il-5 stimulates the proliferation of eosinophils which cause tissue injury and toxic neuropeptides which contribute to hyperresponsiveness, fibroblast proliferation, airway scarring, and epithelial injury. Inflammatory response is exaggerated by neutrophil activation by IL-8. IL-13 reduces mucociliary clearance, enhances fibroblast secretion and helps bronchoconstriction and airway remodeling. Neutrophilic inflammation is increased by IL-17 and IL-22 stimulates airway epithelial cells which stimulate further adaptive immune responses. Degranulation of the mast cells, caused by the Fc portion of IgE binding to receptors on the surface of mast cells, releases inflammatory mediators which cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, mucosal edema, bronchial smooth muscle contraction, and mucous secretion of the goblet cells and narrowing of the airways (McCance, 2014).
Late Asthmatic Response The late response asthmatic response is a secondary response where the recruitment of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils during an
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that impacts a person’s and their family’s quality of life. In people with asthma, their airway becomes constricted with swelling and excessive mucous. This constriction or narrowing of the airway makes it difficult for the person with asthma to breath (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2009). If asthma is left uncontrolled, it leads to further wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, tiredness, and stress. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2009).
Two main theories have been proposed to explain the bronchoconstriction associated with hyperventilation and airway cooling in the asthmatic patients: the first attributes a predominant role to the vagus nerve, whereas the second emphasises the part played by mediator substance released from mast cells in the airways (EIA & EO).
Asthma is a respiratory disease that many people deal with every single day. “According to World Health Organization, approximately 180,000 people die from asthma each year.” (Jardins and Burton 187) Most people never think of asthma as a life threatening disease, but it can be crucial. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with someone who has been diagnosed with this disease. Asthma is a severe breathing problem that has many complications that is dealt with daily like shortness of breath, chronic cough, tightness of the chest and shortness of breath, my main focus is childhood asthma, allergic asthma, and medication to treat asthma.
Asthma is an inflammatory condition of the airways causing attacks of wheezing and breathlessness. It affects a person’s
Asthma is one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases. It is a chronic condition with recurring, exacerbations characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness and inflammation leading to airflow obstruction (Cabana, et al., 2014). Over time, the chronic inflammation may cause permanent damage to the airway (Wenzel, 2012). Asthma affects people of all ages but typically begins in childhood (Wenzel, 2012). This paper will explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Additionally, it will cover how age and behavior can impact the pathophysiology and influence the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Finally, mind maps will illustrate, visually, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of both the chronic and acute phase of asthma.
In this article Dr. Foaud explains the inflammatory response that occurs in the airways of asthma patients and how the different types of cells and respiratory epithelial interact in the process. Respiratory epithelium, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and leukocytes all play an critical part in not only the inflammatory response but also in the way that they may be utilized to inhibit the response to help treat asthma. The article also explains how chemokines recruit inflammatory cells to the airways. The inflammatory response seen in asthma
Asthma can be characterized by its high levels of neutrophils which inflame patients’ airways (Tilbury 9). This inflammation
Inflammation of the airways is an important component of asthma. Inflammation can make your airways more sensitive and more narrow than usual, making it harder to breathe. The airways in the lungs may react to various triggers and become more inflamed. The muscles around the airways can also tighten. All these can reduce airflow in your airways and can cause asthma symptoms.
Intrinsic asthma is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible
In order to do so the body stimulates coughing, after a prolonged time of coughing ,thick like secretions starts to be coughed up too (sputum). This then lead to the patient not being able to get rid of oxygen or receive any oxygen ether. There are three types of asthma, allergic asthma, mixed asthma and idiopathic asthma; each asthma name base off of what triggers the asthma attack. Allergic asthma occur due to an irritants such as allergens which trigger the asthma attack. This occurs due to the fact that the allergens aren’t recognized by our body’s immune system. Since it is unrecognizable it causes the histamine in our body to label it as a
Asthma is a disease that affects over 25 million people in the United States, including 7 million children. Asthma affects the lower airways and is characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiviness and decreased airflow. People suffer from asthma attacks, which cause the lungs to become swollen and inflamed thus making it difficult to breath. These attacks range in severity from mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain. These symptoms can affect people on a daily basis or on occasion (Zanni, 2013).
As the disease progresses, remodeling of the airways occurs leading to chronic disease if left untreated (NAEPP, 2007). Symptoms of asthma often include wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath or difficulty breathing (CDC 2011). The diagnosis of asthma is not only clinical but also can be supported by Pulmonary Function Test, allergy tests, and chest X-Ray. Asthma’s severity can be classified as mild, moderate or severe depending on the intensity of the presenting symptoms. Based on the severity, treatment can range from short acting beta agonist like albuterol to corticosteroids to an Emergency Room (ER) visit for uncontrolled asthma not responding to treatment. Complications related to asthma can be life threatening leading to death if left untreated. According to the CDC, asthma kills on average 9 people each day (CDC
A study involving scientists from Cardiff University set out a range of laboratory experiments involving mice models of asthma and samples of human tissue. With the aim of getting a better understanding of asthma patients and what causes the inflammation of the airways. Results show that as a result proteins called eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and other important protein. These proteins carry multiple positive electrical charges. This proved that inflammation is caused by these proteins activating another type of protein molecules called calcium sensing receptors found in the smooth muscle cells that line the airways.
Asthma is a long term disease that inflames and narrows the airways in the lungs. When a person has asthma, cells and tissues in the airways become susceptible to inflammation when they come in contact with different substances. These substances can be harmless but with asthma, these substances can become very dangerous. This inflammation in the airways then leads to airway narrowing. The body’s response to ease the inflammation is the release of histamine and leukotrienes. When histamine and leukotirens are released, the muscles in the airways contract which makes the airways to become narrow. The nerves in the airway also become more sensitive which leads to harsh coughing and wheezing.
The pathophysiology of Asthma includes inflammation of the airway. The way in which this works is from an irritant which can include dust, pollen, cedar, or cat hair. When a reaction occurs, the airways become inflamed and narrow. The narrowing occurs because once the inflammatory response is triggered by an irritant, histamines, immunoglobulin E antibodies, and leukotrienes are released. Because of this, mucous production occurs. Since the bronchioles are inflamed and narrow, breathing becomes difficult. Wheezing sounds can be heard due to the lack of air being able to easily move in and out of the narrowed bronchioles.