Asthma Lab Report

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, which requires treatment using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Inhalation route is the most direct and efficient way to deliver high amount of drugs to the airways with least systematic side effects. Improper use of the inhaler device is one of the most common reasons for poor asthma control as it can reduce effectiveness and the amount of drugs reaches to the airways (AL-Jahdali et al. 2013). SIGN (2016) and NICE (2013) recommend that when initiate any new inhaler, patients should be trained on proper inhaler

Avoiding and controlling asthma triggers is important in every phase of the intervention process in order to manage the disease. However, many times because of lack of awareness and education, asthma

tongue and oral mucosa and not get inhaled into the lungs. Advair Diskus is a dry powder

An example of this is when considering absorption, anti-emetics will be more effective given intravenously or intra-muscular when the patient is actively vomiting as if given orally the contact time at absorption site will be reduced as will any oral drug given to a patient experiencing diarrhoea (Barber & Robertson, 2012). A further example of this is the use of salbutamol for acute exacerbation of asthma. Inhaled therapy is recommended by BTS, SIGN (2012) guidelines as the lungs are a large surface area for

Topical drugs such as patches, ointment, and cream are applied directly on the skin and can be absorbed fast or with a delayed action. The term pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of the drug in the human’s body. This includes the site of absorption (movement of drug from entry to tissue), how it is distributed (movement in the circulatory system to intended destination), how it is metabolized (break down in the liver), and excretion (elimination from the body). This unit also described the term half-life, which is how long the human body takes to break down a drug, absorb and excrete it and short half-life, which are medications excreted by the body quicker than long half-life drugs. The term pharmacodynamics is any of the changes in the patient’s body resulting from the medicine taken. It is highly important for the patient to know of the used drug’s side effects (unintended effects), adverse effects (unintended effects that can be harmful), and any possibilities of allergic reactions (most severe adverse response of a

Surfactant is an essential component for the respiratory system to function properly. Knowing the physiology of surfactant in the alveoli is important to know when learning the structure of the air sacs and how they work. This experiment is designed to make the understanding of surfactant in the alveolar film easier to learn, because it's not very simple. Surfactant is a detergent-like substance produced by the Type II alveolar cells in the walls of the alveoli. Surfactant is produced to reduce the surface tension of the water molecules that primarily compose the walls of the alveoli. For this experiment, we will be using milk and food coloring to represent the water (milk) and gas (food coloring) in

to the eyes and lungs, so it is effective in low doses as an irritant (Murphy-Lavoie & Martinez,

Asthma is a disease that affects the respiratory system; it is marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs causing difficulty in breathing. Checking medical history is a way to diagnostically check for asthma. A patient with a recurrent cough, who wheezes, has shortness of breath and/or chest tightness could be a victim of asthma. Symptoms that occur variable with asthma upon exposure to allergens or irritants, worsen at night and/or also respond to appropriate asthma therapies are suggestive of asthma. A positive family history of asthma, atopic disease or an allergy to rhinitis can be helpful in identifying a patient with asthma. During the history check, providers often ask patients about their living environment

Table 1 presents the biodistribution profile (image ROI derived ID/g of tissue) of 68Ga- dicarboxylate dextran in normal rats. The highest uptakes were observed in the heart (blood inside), liver, kidneys and the lungs. Like 68Ga-dextran, a significant uptakes were observed at the bone and cartilage. Compared to the biodistribution of 68Ga-dextran, there is a significant decrease in uptake in the lungs and increased uptake in the kidneys. The high uptake of 68Ga-dextran in the lungs had been attributed to the probable existence of the 68Ga-Dextran precipitate formed in alkaline condition. However, the 68Ga-dicarboxylate dextran was prepared in the mild condition and has high solubility in water. That's why the lungs uptake has sharply decreased.

Ref: ([Guideline] Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov. 120(5 Suppl):S94-138.)

The pathology of asthmatic symptoms is quite complex, and includes the effects of mast cells, eusinophils, T cell lymphocytes, mactrophages, neutrophila, and epithelial cells, which collectively lead to inflammation. Pathologic qualities of asthma include goblet cell hyperplasia leading to mucus overproduction, basement membrane thickening with subepithelial fibrosis, desquamation of the airway epithelium, bronchial smooth muscle hyperplasia, and cellular infiltration with lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Airflow obstruction is caused by the smooth muscle constriction around airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Exposure to allergens, irritants (eg smoke), and viral infections can also

Asthma is a disorder of the bronchial mucosa which causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Patients who suffer from asthma have a hyperresponsiveness of the airways which causes narrowing to stimuli that illicit no bronchoconstriction in patients without asthma or airway disease (McCance, 2014). Expert Panel 3 of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program defines asthmas as “a common chronic disorder of the airways that is complex and characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. The interaction of these features of asthma determines the clinical manifestations and severity of asthma and the response to treatment (Fanta, 2017).”

Anderson (2005) states that asthma is one of the major and most common chronic inflammatory disorder that damages or changes the structure of the airways, causing problem in the respiration process due to excess secretion of mucus, and hyperactivity of the cells of the airway. In 2012, the World Health

A new study in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics shows that the smaller cough and sneeze droplets

Asthma is a chronic airway disease that can be difficult to manage, resulting in poor outcomes and high costs (Kuhn et al., 2015). It is characterized by episodes of expiratory airflow obstruction, which occurs in response to multiple stimuli or triggers. Asthma is a lifelong disease, and symptoms include wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Attacks can be mild, moderate, severe, or even life threatening and limit a person’s way of life (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011). There is no known cure for asthma, but symptoms can be controlled by avoiding the triggers and taking prescribed medicines that prevent or minimize symptoms.