Asthma Research Paper

Sympathomimetics are medications that mimic the effects of neurotransmitter substances of the sympathetic nervous system (Karch, 2013, p.930). These medications stimulate the ‘fight or flight’ response and can cause the bronchi to dilate with increased rate and depth of respiration. Thus, these drugs are used to treat lower respiratory tract disorders. Anticholinergics are medications that block the action of acetylcholine on the parasympathetic nervous system. These medications are used to treat lower respiratory disorder because they can dilate the bronchi and reduce

Bronchodilator Response of Nebulized Salbutamol versus Salbutamol and Ipratropium Bromide in Adult Patients with Acute Severe Asthma

Avoiding and controlling asthma triggers is important in every phase of the intervention process in order to manage the disease. However, many times because of lack of awareness and education, asthma

When this drug is inhaled or taken, it binds to the B2 adrenergic receptor which are “coupled to stimulatory G protein Gs” 3, 15, 16. The Gs protein is comprised of an alpha, beta and omega subunit 17. The activation of adenyl cyclase is caused by the alpha Gs, which catalyses the synthesis of cyclic AMP. As a result there is an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP and protein Kinase A is activated 3,10. The protein Kinase A regulates the activity of an enzyme called myosin light chain phosphorylase. Decreased activation of myosin light chain phosporylase leads to relaxation of smooth muscles. The B2 adrenergic agonist also decreases Ca2+ intracellular concentration and it contributes to muscle relaxation3,16. Ultimately it leads to bronchodilation and allows enough oxygen to flow to the alveolar

The sign and symptoms of an asthma attack include coughing that worsens at night or early in the morning, shortness of breath, chest tightness or wheezing sounds that occurs when breathing. Some symptoms go away without no treatment. However, severe asthma attacks require immediate emergency care. There is no cure for asthma because the disease will always be present. Even if an individual feels well, there’s always the possibility of something triggering an Asthma attack.

They studied the OTC drugs salbutamol sulfate, formoterol fumarate, and salmeterol xinafoate in vitro by [C-14}-TEA uptake into Proxima(Calu-3) and distal (A549 and NCI-H441) lung epithelial cells and found that it was significantly reduced by the attendance of these OTC drugs. They also confirmed that these drugs make the transport responsible for the beta 2 agonist interaction challenging. “the expression of all five members of the OCT/N family has been confirmed in human pulmonary epithelial cells in situ and in

Asthma is best described as a chronic inflammation the pulmonary lower airways because of hyperresponsiveness of lower airway obstructions that is usually reversible (Fireman, 2003). Asthma is triggered by cold air, exercise, viral upper respiratory infections, cigarette smoking, and respiratory allergens. One in 12 people in the United States has been diagnosed with asthma which is approximately 25 million people which accounts for 8% of the total population (AAAAI, 2016). It is estimated that the average cost for care of asthma in the United States is about $3,300.00 yearly in related medical expenses, missed school, missed worked days and early death (AAAAI, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to describe the long-term treatment

What is asthma? • Disease of the lungs that makes it hard to breathe. • Breathing tubes in the lungs that carry oxygen tighten. • This makes it hard for air to pass through the lungs.

As you all know that there is no cure for asthma till now and in some cases there is no identified symptom too, but under all circumstances, a proper medication is necessary to treat, control and prevent the symptoms of asthma from reoccurring. The type of medication for asthma differs among individuals which depends on their internal system, age and the factors that trigger the attack. That is why all the medications do not work on every individual. You must be surprised to know that more than one quarter of patients who are suffering from this disease are children. Therefore, it becomes quite necessary to prescribe a proper medication for the asthma patient to manage this disease.

One diagnostic test that can be used to help diagnosis asthma is the use of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements using a device. In asthma patients, the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity usually declines. Some asthma patients have normal results on the PFTs, so a bronchial challenge is used. In a bronchial challenge, an individual inhales an irritating agent that may elicit a bronchoconstriction reaction. In order for asthma to be diagnosed through a bronchial challenge, the individual’s baseline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second must decrease 15% to 20%. Other indicators would include signs of bronchoconstriction and bronchospasm, as well as increased mucus production. (Lynn & Kushto-Reese,

There are several patho-physiologies of asthma. The mechanism by which asthma occurs is caused by inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory mediators, bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness, airway remodeling, airway inflammation, the occurrence of persistent changes in airway structure, gene-by-environment interactions, atopy or the genetic predisposition for the development of immunoglobin E (IgE)-mediated response to common aeroallergens, sex, and environmental factors. Bronchoconstriction is airway narrowing and a subsequent interference with airflow. During bronchoconstriction, bronchial smooth muscle contraction occurs quickly to narrow the airways after being exposed to a variety of stimuli including allergens

There are particular common symptoms of asthma. A person can acquire just one or many of these symptoms. They include the chest area feeling tight or a pressure feeling, wheezing, shortness of breath or coughing. Status asthmaticus is known as a powerful asthma attack that does not improve with a persons

During normal breathing the air we breathe in is first warmed and moistened by the nasial passageways. When exercising we inhale colder and drier air. The muscles around the airways are sensitive to these adjustments and react by decreasing, causing coughing fits, wheezing, fatigue etc. Not all asthma is the same. There are different levels of asthma, including: mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent asthma and severe persistent asthma. These levels depended on how severe your ‘flare-ups’ are and how regularly you are affected by the symptoms. If anyone where to have an asthma attack you must: Stay calm and take them away from any possible triggers, then sit them up so they can breathe easier. If they can still talk ask him what the action plan is and how to follow it. Make sure he takes his inhaler, if it doesn’t improve dial ‘000’ immediately. For an unknown reason boys rather than girls are more commonly diagnosed with asthma. Just because you are diagnosed with asthma, do not let it affect your lifestyle. Do not let it stop you from doing sport. You should encourage yourself to find another sport like swimming, actually being fit can prevent more asthma

Asthma in children has several severity levels. A child can depict healthy asthma, “Green Zone” which is associated with no wheeze or coughs and efficient breathing system. Also, there is the Caution level, “Yellow Zone,” where the patient coughs and depicts cases of wheezing coupled with tight chest (Dinakar & Portnoy, 2014). Last, the emergency asthma level, “Red Zone,” asthma in the child is getting worse since the quick-relief drugs are not effective. Also at this stage, the patient depicts shortness in breath (Guilbert, Bacharier, & Fitzpatrick, 2014). The patient’s symptoms are likely to fall under the “Red

Shortness of breath - some humans who have bronchial asthma say they cannot catch their breath or they experience