Astrocytoma Research Paper

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive form of malignant brain cancer in adults. On average, 8 of every 100,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with glioblastoma every year – representing approximately 2% of all cancers diagnosed [1]. Glioblastoma tumors form when astrocytes, star-shaped cells which support and protect the brain, re-enter the cell cycle and start to rapidly divide. Because the brain is supported by a large network of blood vessels, tumors grow quickly and are difficult to remove surgically. Present treatments for glioblastoma are limited to surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy; however, despite these interventions tumors are likely to regrow. Consequently, typical survival time following glioblastoma diagnosis is less than 2 years.

Glioma is a tumor that is a type of brain cancer. Glioma tumors are made up by cells called glial cells. Glial cells normally provide nutrition, oxygen, and structural support to the brain. Three types of glial cells can produce tumors. Gliomas are named after the type of glial cell that is involved in the tumor. A tumor is formed when the glial cells grow into an abnormal mass of tissue. Gliomas are one of the most common types of brain tumors that occur in adults.

The diseases associated with FUBP1 include oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and oligoastrocytomas. Oligodendrogliomas are primary glial brain tumors and can be either low-grade (grade II) or high-grade (grade III). [2] Since oligodendrogliomas have a slow growth rate, they are often present for years before they are diagnosed. Nevertheless, the most common symptoms include: seizures, headaches, and personality changes. Altogether, the symptoms vary by location and size of the tumor. About 66 to 78 % of people with grade II oligodendroglioma survive for about 5 years after diagnoses, while 30 to 38 % of people with grade III will survive for about 5 years after they are diagnosed. [3] Astrocytoma is another type of brain cancer that stats in the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain, but can also appear in the cerebellum, which is the back of the brain. It is more common in men than in women. Like oligodendrogliomas, the most common symptoms of astrocytomas include: headaches, seizure, changes in behavior and memory loss. [4] Prognosis of astrocytomas depends on the type of astrocytoma. Altogether, a low-grade astrocytoma (LGA) has an 83 % 10-year overall survival, while the overall survival rate of a high-grade astrocytoma (HGA) range between 15-20%. In both oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas, the FUBP1 locus is mutated which leads to the inactivation of

Glioblastoma (pronounced like gleO blastoma) is an incurable brain cancer,Survival rate is usually measured in months.This became a word that was instantly defined, researched, dissected, feared, and tried to comprehend and understand by family,friends and acquaintances of Larry McKee (McKee)who was personally affected from this single word, it was quickly added to their vocabulary, because of the of the events that transpired on October 22, 2011 that forever changed lives “Glioblastomas are tumors that arise from the astrocytes- the star-shaped cells that make up the “glue-like,” or supportive tissue of the brain. These tumors are usually highly malignant (cancerous) because the cells reproduce quickly and they are supported by a large network of blood vessels.”(A.B.T A..) He was diagnosed with stage four.

3/9/2106 patient underwent stereotactic brain biopsy on final report of biopsy INFILTRATING ASTROCYTIC NEOPLASM, GLIOBLASTOMA (WHO GRADE IV)

Ependymoma is a type of brain tumor and while it is rare in adults, accounting for 2-3% of brain tumors, ependymoma is mainly found in children and accounts for around 5% of all childhood brain cancers (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2014, January 31; American Brain Tumor Association [ABTA], n.d.). The survival rate of patients with ependymoma who have survived five years after their tumor is detected is 75% Tumors occur when cells grow to excess and form a mass. While some tumors are benign, meaning that they are harmless, others are malignant, or cancerous. Ependymoma is a malignant cancerous brain tumor (“American Society of Clinical Oncology [ASCO]– Childhood,” n.d.). The tumor appears as soft, grey or red tumors and could comprise of cysts or mineral calcifications.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain cancer, accounting for about half of all malignant primary brain tumors.

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer that causes tumors of the glial cells in the brain. The third most frequently reported histology overall, and the most common malignant histology1. It’s also the most common and the most malignant primary central nervous system tumors2. GBM accounts for 15.1% of all primary brain tumors and 46.1% of primary malignant brain tumors1. The Central Brain Tumor Registry of The United States (CBTRUS) estimated that 24,790 new cases of primary malignant brain tumors to be diagnosed in the United States in 20161.

Medulloblastoma, also called cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), is a fast growing embryonal tumors[A] located in the cerebellum caused by a glial cell (1)(4). The seven types of medulloblastoma are, classic,desmoplastic, nodular,, large-cell,(anaplastic), neuroblastic, glial differentiation, medullomyoblastoma, and melanotic. According to American Brain Tumor Association, medulloblastoma is relatively rare, and only accounts for two percent of all primary brain tumors(1).However, medulloblastoma is common in children making up to twenty percent of childhood brain tumors(2), while it is less common in adults(1). It is also more common in men than in women(3). (Thesis)

Primary glioblastoma multiforme accounts for the majority of cases (60%) in adults older than 50 years. These tumors manifest de novo (i.e. without clinical or histopathologic evidence of a preexisting, less-malignant precursor lesion), presenting after a short clinical history, usually less than 3 months. Secondary glioblastoma multiformes (40%) typically develop in younger patients ( cells of the arachnoid villi in the meninges. These tumors usually are benign in nature; however, a small percentage of these tumors are cancerous.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is considered to be one of the most common and aggressive intracranial tumors that is heavily prevalent in adults. Patients are recorded to have an average survival for nearly 14 months following diagnosis with little to no hope for a successful recovery. GBM is highly invasive in nature which prevents it from being completely resected and recurrences are prone to occur even after treatment of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Common malignant brain cancers increase significantly according to statistical data collected by the National Cancer Institute. In 1984, the annual incidence rates of primary brain tumor and primary brain lymphoma also increased notably, the rate of lymphoma almost tripling,

Low-grade astrocytomas generally don’t enhance after contrast administration. Unlike, pilocytic astrocytomas and high grade tumors which appear heterogeneous with necrotic & cystic areas enhance greatly. Gradient T2-WI is useful sequence in determining hemorrhage zones inside the lesion.

In severe diffuse reactive astrogliosis, the astrocytes undergo proliferation, which results in overlapping processes that effect neighbouring cells, their functions and individual domains. Most of the astrocytes express GFAP and other genes. As a result, these changes cause the reorganization

Among the many types of cancer that can affect children, Neuroblastoma is very rare, yet it is the most common extracranial (located on the outside of the cranium) tumor in infants. It mostly affects children of five years and younger. Neuroblastoma is a kind of cancer that develops from neuroblasts (immature nerve cells). It usually appears around the adrenal glands in the kidneys, but might also be found in the chest, spine, abdomen, and neck.