Atherosclerosis Formation

Vasospasm is the term used when a constriction of a vein or artery occurs. It is also the cause of death when an aneurysm occurs. More than 50% of all surviving patients that get an intracranial aneurysm have neurological defects.

Atherosclerosis is narrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the arterial walls.

The obstruction in Room 40’s leg was discovered using a diagnostic arteriogram. An arteriogram is an image of the interior of blood vessels, such as arteries, by the use of electromagnetic waves. During this procedure, a dye is injected into the artery revealing any bulges, weakness, lesions or occlusions of the blood vessel. The ability to see any evidence of a a plaque formation or obstruction within a vessel makes an arteriogram an effective method for detecting atherosclerosis (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2015).

Coronary illness is the development of plaque (fat store on the inward dividers of the veins) in the coronary conduits that supply O2 rich blood to the heart muscle, the development of plaque is called atherosclerosis. After some time passes plaques may solidify therefore limiting blood stream or totally obstructing the corridor. The development of plaque is straightforwardly identified with a people way of life, normal danger elements incorporate stoutness, high blood cholesterol and diabetes. At the point when the endothelium is harmed by blood stream, the cholesterol and fats in the blood get stuck shaping plaques. This outcomes in hypertension due the heart endeavoring to supply obliged levels of blood to the body. In the event that the blood stream to the heart muscles is limited or blocked it may

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of plaques, or fatty deposits, on the inner walls of arteries, making it more difficult for blood to pass through. Another disease is hypertension, more commonly known as high blood pressure, which leads to an increased risk of a stroke or heart attack. A stroke is when a blood clot forms and blocks up a blood vessel. This means that blood cannot travel to the brain, so brain cells become deprived of oxygen, leading to impaired brain functioning. A heart attack is also caused by a blood clot, in this case, a part of cardiac muscle dies. Depending on how much muscle dies, a heart attack may occur. One interesting fact about this system is that if all of the blood vessels within the adult human body were to be stretched out, they would reach about 60,000 miles. There are about 5 liters of blood in the

Results: The abdominal aorta appears mildly irregular above and below the renal arteries, with no significant stenosis. (Separate the codes with a comma in your response as follows: XXXXX, XXXXX.)

Sometimes atherosclerosis occurs in the carotid arteries, especially at the bifurcation or the point where the common carotid divides into the internal and external carotids. Atherosclerosis means that a potentially dangerous plaque has formed on the artery wall. Plaque is a sticky material made of fat and calcium which hardens the arteries and can block the flow of blood. This narrowing is sometimes called a carotid artery stenosis, meaning that the carotid artery has narrowed significantly.

Aortic stenosis—aortic valve stenosis— is caused by a narrowing of the heart’s aortic valve which leads to obstruction of the outflow of the left ventricle. Aortic stenosis is uncommon in patients under the age of 50. The most common cause in adults within industrialized countries is due to aortic valve calcification. Compared to any other cardiac diseases stenosis of the aortic valve is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Some of the more uncommon causes of this deadly disease include congenital heart disease, rheumatic fever, and radiation. Patients with increased age, increased low density lipoprotein (LDL), increased lipoprotein A, hypertension, and smoking history have a higher risk of developing a stenotic valve. Patients suffering from aortic stenosis often are asymptotic until more of the advanced symptoms develop. At this time, they may present the “classic triad symptoms,” which include (1) angina, (2) syncope, and (3) heart failure. There are also some broad symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea (usually with exertion), swollen ankles, difficulty exercising, or palpitations. Physical examination provides valuable insight into the diagnosis of aortic stenosis. Findings on physical examination can be confirmed through non-invasive two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram, which is the gold standard for aortic stenosis. However, other imaging modalities for diagnosis and treatment options of this debilitating disease will be discussed in this

The regional mechanical, histological, and physiological properties of aneurysmal and control human ascending aortas were examined to characterize the behavior of the aortic materials and to explore the inter-correlations of these properties. Mechanical and histological experiments were performed on the samples excised from four different quadrants of the aortic rings and the results were analyzed using numerical and statistical methods. To study the effects of genetics, the aneurysmal samples were categorized based on their valve types into two tissue groups: those with Bicuspid Aortic Valves (BAV) and those with Tricuspid Aortic Valves (TAV).

An AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) is defined as enlargement of at least 3 cm of the abdominal aorta. The majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms begins below the renal arteries and ends above the iliac arteries. The exact cause of (AAAs) is unknown. However, it is thought to be due to a degenerative process of the abdominal aorta caused by atherosclerosis. Artherosclerosis represents a response to vessel wall injury caused by inflammation, genetically regulated defects in collagen and fibrillin, increased protease activity within the arterial wall, and mechanical factors (Stoelting p. 143).

The development of an atherosclerotic plaque is relatively a very a complicated process where Plaque rupture accounts for about 76% of fatality lead by thrombi. The evolution of atherosclerosis begins with foam cell accumulation where the macrophages accumulate within arterial wall intima, progresses to form fatty streak where further accumulation of intra and extracellular lipids, this is a potentially reversible stage (Greenland p, 2013) further atheroma/fibroatheroma forms where cholesterol and phospholipids accumulate intramurally. This is a vulnerable state as it is predisposed to spontaneous rupture by inflammation and thrombus deposition may occur. Hemodynamic changes during this stage may cause ischemia or silent infarction, if large plaque rupture total occlusion may cause myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Finally a complex lesion can develop where fibro muscular tissue can be seen with repair efforts followed by repeated plaque formation, this may slowly increase in size and produce significant arterial narrowing.

Another hypothesis is that these associations can accidentally exist together.20 Among these hypothesis, the hemodynamic stress secondary to the increased blood flow of AVM plays a significant role to provoke this coexistence of lesion.1,21 This hypothesis is supported by a report showing that the associated aneurysms tend to be concentrated in feeding arteries which supply AVM and the associated aneurysms may shrink in proportion to the occlusion of the AVM. 3

An aortic aneurysm is a stretch or bulge in the aorta. The thoracic aorta is the chest section of aorta, which pumps the blood from the heart out to the body. Therefore, a thoracic aortic aneurysm is a stretched and bulged area in the wall of the chest section of the aorta. (Thompson, G. & Szalay, D. 2012). “Thoracic aneurysms are classified in accordance with the portion of aorta involved: the ascending thoracic aorta, the arch, or the descending thoracic aorta. This anatomic distinction is important because the etiology, natural history, and treatment of thoracic aneurysms vary for each of these segments”. (Medscape,

The two most common causes of aortic stenosis severe enough to require surgery are calcification of congenital bicuspid aortic valves and degenerative calcification of tricuspid aortic valves (Roberts WC, Ko JM. ) Aortic valve calcification, scored by computed tomography (CT), can be helpful in diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis in the patient. (Marincheva-Savcheva G, Subramanian S, Qadir S, et al.)

Its function is to maintain smooth and toned arteries so blood can easily flow through them. Atherosclerosis creates damage to the endothelium through various factors, such as smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Smoking increases the growth of the condition in coronary arteries, aorta, and arteries in the legs. Cholesterol and other cellular substances can build up into plaque in the arteries and make them narrow and cut down the blood and oxygen supply. The plaque forms a bump in the wall of the artery and can continue to develop into a blockage in the artery as it grows with the progressing condition. Pain can develop and the blockages can rupture, which will make the blood clot in the area of the rupture. However, there are cases where plaque builds up but doesn’t cut off blood supply, showing no symptoms of the