Atom Ray4 Research Paper

In the nucleus of an atom there are protons and neutrons the number of protons and neutrons depends on the element and ,if it is an isotope of that element. E.g. carbon 12, carbon 12 has six neutrons six protons and 6 electrons . Electrons are located around the nucleus of the atom. Electrons are in shells, the shell closest to the nucleus is 1 , the one after 2 and so on. Each shell can only hold up to a certain number of electrons . the first can hold up to 2 , the second 8 (2+6) the third up to 18 (2+6+10). The general formula for finding out how many electrons a shell can hold is 2n^2. Electrons have a negative charge , while protons have a positive and neutrons have no charge. A atom has the same number of protons and electrons. An ion is formed when an atom loses or gains a electrons .

Around 2,500 years ago, Democritus and his partner Leucippus were the first ones to develop the atomic theory in written history. Their theory proposed that every kind of matter was made up of tiny particles, which were named atomos, which means that it is indivisible. This meant that Democritus and Leucippus thought there were little particles of everything, but, the next breakthrough in atomic theory wasn’t made until the early 1800s with a french chemist by the name of Antoine Lavoisier, he was the one who came up with the idea of the law of the conservation of mass, which states that matter stays the same even when it changes shape or form. Then, James Dalton said that all matter was made up of atoms, which were indivisible, and unbreakable.

He stated that this was a mysterious force but never continued his research on it. Then in 460 B.C. there was a philosopher named Democritus. Democritus and his mentor Leocippus posed the question that if he broke bread into multiple pieces how many would breaks would it take until there was no more bread. He then was able to make a few theories being all matter was created of atoms and atoms are solid but not invisible. However, there was a man named Aristotle and many other philosophers who disagreed with Democritus and said matter was composed of four main elements. Earth, fire, air, and water. For example, a liquid was made of water and a stone was made of rock. Therefore, Democritus’s theory “ was rejected by Aristotle, one of the most influential philosophers of Ancient Greece; and the atomic theory was ignored for nearly 2,000 years.”(

At the beginning of the twentieth century a scientist called Albert Einstein had a special theory about atoms. His theory was that atoms had a lot of energy locked within them. After this theory was published scientists worked hard to prove that this theory was true. After thirty years of experiments they discovered that within the nucleus there is a lot of energy and splitting the atom would release it.

Before Rutherford’s Geiger-Marsden experiment the most popular model of the atom was the “plum pudding model” developed in 1904 by the person who also discovered the electron in 1897, J.J. Thompson. It was the most common model of the atom and stated that electrons (plum) floated around with

One of Bohr’s most renowned accomplishments was his contribution to the atom. He discovered that the atom was a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus. Most physicists run experiments in order to come

First scientist to suggest that all matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms

The race for an answer is over! All the scientists out there, put down your beakers and eyedroppers for just a moment and educate yourselves through this article. A new discovery in chemistry has shaken the science world as we know it. Joseph John Thomson, an incredible scientist living amongst us today has discovered a new negative particle, one he has appropriately named the “electron”. Now we’re sure all of you are asking the same question: How did he do it? And of course, we have the answer! Thomson had discovered the electron during a series of experiments designed to “study the nature of electric discharge in a high-vacuum cathode-ray tube”. To put it simply, it had been had discovered by experimenting with beams of particles produced

Towards the end of the 19th century Joseph Thomson, discovered and experimented with cathode rays it was found that these rays had are constant negative charged particles, then later on they were called electrons by Thomson, the first subatomic particle he states that it would take about 2000 electrons to weigh the same as the lightest atom, Hydrogen

Ernest Rutherford's atomic model said the atom was a tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which some of the mass is concentrated, around which the electrons circulate at a distance.

Ernest Rutherford's model of the atom is one of the oldest around. Although it is not considered accurate today, it was a huge advance for figuring out the complexity of Atoms.  Rutherford's atom illustrates that atoms revolved in empty space with electrons orbiting a fixed position of positively charged nucleus and had a predictable set path. Ernest was a New Zealand native working at the University of Manchester in the early 1900s. He spent most of his time and career researching the aspects of radioactivity, and in 1908 received the Nobel Peace Prize for his accomplishments. It was another several years after when he started his research on atoms.

“What is the world made of?” That question has puzzled scientists and philosophers for centuries. The atomic theory was first proposed in ancient Greece around 400 BC and has continued to evolve through the centuries to finally evolve into the current theory we have today. We now know that the subatomic particles that make up the atom are no longer the fundamental particles of the universe because even they are made of smaller particles called “quarks.” The continuous study of atoms will allow us to truly understand the universe and harness it’s knowledge to further science and technology for the good of society.

Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand and died in Britain, however during his life he worked McGill University in Canada (“Ernest Rutherford - Biographical”, 2014). During Rutherford's life he made significant contributions to Science; in 1998 when studying Uranium he discovered Alpha and Beta radiation (“Ernest Rutherford: Father of nuclear science”, n.d.). In 1903, Rutherford saw that a French chemist, Paul Villard, had discovered a new type of radiation coming from radium, upon discerning that this new radiation was different then the ones he had already discovered due to its greater penetrating power, Rutherford named it Gamma radiation (“Ernest Rutherford”, 2017). Using his previously found out types of radiation, he discovered the concept of half-life, how long it takes for a sample of an element to decay to half its size. However, the most infamous experiment he did, was the Gold Foil Experiment. In 1910, in order to confirm JJ Thomson’s model on an atom Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment along with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden where a thin piece of gold was bombarded with Alpha particles, while most went through (meaning that an atom is mostly empty space), some were deflected, and a few even bounced backwards. This led to the discovery of the neutron, a positively charged area of the atom which was responsible for Alpha particles being deflected and bouncing back. With this new information disproving JJ Thomson’s model, Rutherford created a new atomic

The development of the atomic model began in 400 B.C. when Greek philosophers, Leucippus and his pupil Democritus theorized the existence of atoms. They came up with the idea that matter of composed of tiny particles, but didn’t think their theory was particularly special. They knew that at a certain point it was impossible to divide matter so they coined the term ‘atomos’ with literally meant “uncuttable” or “indivisible”. They also attributed the properties of the atoms from the properties of the substance. The two philosophers achieved their theory without any experiments but, by solely on insightful guesses.

Just like the other scientist before him, he performed experiments to satisfy his curiosity about radioactivity. Rutherford first, bombarded gold foil in particles from a radioactive source. Rutherford saw that some of the particles seeming through the gold foil. Rutherford concluded that matter was made up of empty space, but there was also a small dense portion of matter that deflected the particles. He defined this dense area as being a nucleus. Through this finding, we were able to find discoveries that lead to the discovery of radioactivity.