Atrial And Ventricular Septal Defects

6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. Caleb’s systemic cardiac output will be decreased. His blood will enter the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs, return to the left ventricle and then be shunted back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to enter the right ventricle. The extra blood then leaving the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle, there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the heart to supply the rest of the body.

2. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference is normally, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen-rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular septal defect it still allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood with oxygen reaches the body.

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a very serious birth defect. Studies say, “each year approximately… 640 to 1440 infants in the United States are born with HLHS” (Paediatr Child Health,2). Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, also known as HLHS, is a birth defect where the left ventricle of the heart is either underdeveloped or absent. Today, there are heart surgeries that can help children born with HLHS survive longer and sometimes even live long, happy lives. Though, not all children survive HLHS. Many infants die whilst waiting for a donor heart.

Congenital heart disease(CHD) is defined as a problem with the hearts structure and function that is present at birth.According to the center of disease control and prevention CHDs affect nearly 1% of―or about 40,000―births per year in the United States.1,2. Congenital heart disease is often considered to be a childhood condition. With the advances made it surgical treatment most children who would have died from this condition in the past are now able to survive well into adulthood and live relatively normal lives. Common symptoms are abnormal heart rhythms, bluish tint to the skin(cyanosis), shortness of breath, tiring quickly upon exertion,dizziness or fainting and possible swelling of body tissues or organs. Currently researchers are unsure as to what causes

A large ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between your heart’s main pumping chambers.

Additionally, using a stethoscope, a doctor will often hear a heart murmur caused by the blood blowing through the atrial septal defect. It is not uncommon for a murmur to not be detected right at birth. PAPVR isn 't hereditary but is a result of when the veins don 't come together and grow properly

Tricuspid atresia is treated from birth and involve a combination of operations within the first two years of life. Initially a cardia catheterization procedure is done to evaluate the defects. Then generally 3 operations are done, including a Blalock-Taussig shunt, Glenn Shunt (done at 4-6 months of age) which replaces the initial shunt, and finally a Fontan procedure (done at 2-3 years of age) which forms a second that directs blood from the inferior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery. The Glenn shunt is left in place. Aortic Valve Stenosis is a heart defect that is either congenital or acquired. The disease itself can be described basically as the inability of the valve to open completely. Atrial Septal defect is caused by an opening the atrial septum, there are 2 ways it can be caused, including a congenital cause, or the hole that is present in the heart of every fetus is not properly closed at the postnatal stage. Coarctation of the aorta is the narrowing of the aorta and is a congenital disease. It can occur anywhere in the aorta however most often is found in the segment just after the aortic arch. Patent Ductus Arteriosus is usually found a

Congestive cardiac failure is by far the most frequent symptom. It may be associated with massive peripheral edema or massive pleural effusion leading to cardiac tamponade. It may rarely mimic other congenital cardiac malformations such as Ebstein’s anomaly or functional pulmonary atresia. Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances are not a predominant feature of Uhl’s anomaly, probably due to absence of residual foci to initiate or transmit anomalous electrical activity. (Gerlis 2003)

Infants, children and adults who have a large VSD or that cause significant symptoms usually require surgery to close the heart of leaking. Babies who need repair surgery is often done at the age of 1

Some children are born with a connection between the central canal and a space in the brain (fourth ventricle) that is also filled

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most prevalent of all birth defects and the leading cause of death in the first year of life, (1) with an annual prevalence ranging from six to twelve affected infants per 1,000 live births. (2)

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

Atrial Septal Defect is a common and interesting disorder. Atrial Septal Defect is mostly know as “a hole in the heart.” This disorder is birth defect. It can happen to male, female, adult, and kids. This disorder mostly happens to kids and infant. Atrial Septal Defect is when there is a hole in your heart that doesn’t allow oxygen to flow through. This can causes difficulty breathing, heart murmur, and e.t.c... There three different types of level. These level are called ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The most severe level is ostium secundum which is the true atrial septal. Then is ostium primum, and last sinus venosus. This genetic disorder is typically diagnosed by noticing .symptoms.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), one of the more common cardiac defects at birth, is the persistence of an opening between the pulmonary artery and the descending thoracic aorta. This opening is as a result of failure of the physiological fetus ductus arteriosus to close, which normally occurs soon after birth. This hole allows for oxygenated blood from the aorta to mix with oxygen-depleted blood from the pulmonary artery. As a consequence, significant strain is placed on the heart and pressure within the lungs’ arteries is dramatically increased.

Description of Disorder/Disease: The patient is a 1 month and 14 days old male who is diagnosisd with a congenital heart defect known as Tetralogy of Fallot. Tetralogy of Fallot consist of 4 defects: Ventricular septal defect (VSD), Overriding aorta, Pulmonary stenosis, and Right ventricular hypertrophy. This defect can result in decreased oxygen in the systemic circulation.