Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormality that causes the mixing of blood. There is a hole in center of heart where the wall between the upper and lower chambers meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed properly and one large valve crosses the defect. The defect lets oxygen rich blood pass to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood, then go back to the lungs. Another abnormality is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), where the walls of the upper chambers of the heart don’t close completely, causing a left to right movement of blood due to the higher pressure. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may cause the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood.

Ventricular septal defect cause the blood flow move from high pressure, left ventricle, into the right ventricle, which has lower pressure. Oxygenated blood instead of going to the systemic circulation enters into the left ventricle and goes into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. As the result return of the blood from the lungs to the left atrium and eventually into the left ventricle, will increase and cause dilation and hypertrophy of the chambers, increases end-diastolic pressure, and raise the pulmonary venous pressure. By increasing the pulmonary blood flow, the pulmonary capillary pressure also rises and that can increase the interstitial fluid in the lungs, and cause pulmonary edema. Finally, as blood goes through the gap, from the LV to the RV, away from the aorta, case the cardiac output to drop,

The heart is an organ that pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Heart failure is when the heart can’t pump blood very well. If the heart fails to work properly, a major system called the circulatory system won’t work properly and therefore the whole human body will fail to work properly because the cells won’t be able get oxygenated blood and use the oxygen to undergo cellular respiration and make energy.

As time progresses, the damage implemented by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy can become life-threatening. Whilst, the respiratory function may weaken by affecting the diaphragm and other muscles that engage the lungs, causing the lungs to perform less effectively in moving the air in and out. Although, people affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy may not complain of short breathe, however, other symptoms which may occur include headaches, mental dullness, lack of concentration, staying awake, and

heart problems the damaged of alveoli lead to decrease the amount of oxygen in bloodstream because of that the heat will pump strongly to allow blood to reach the lungs. Emphysema also may increase the pressure on blood vessels that connect the lungs and heart, in addition, it can affect a section, which response for contractile and relaxing of the heart, called cor pulmonale. Moreover, pneumothorax, which called also collapsed lung. At this case,, Lager holes, or giant bullae, it is form when empty spaces is develop. Large holes may be as big as half of the lungs. These giant bullae may burst , as a result, the lung deflation will

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic, progressive condition defined as the hearts inability to efficiently pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body (Naab, 2011). Heart failure may be the result of the heart chambers not adequately filling, also known as diastolic HF or the decreased contractility of the valves to perfuse blood to the body, also known as systolic HF. “Heart Failure is a progressive disease which arises as a consequence of an abnormality in cardiac structure, function, rhythm or conduction” (Naab, 2011).

The definition of TOF reads, a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means that it is present at birth (UMMC, 2013). TOF occurs when there is 4 abnormalities all together. One of the 4 abnormalities is when a massive hole is in the wall of the muscle (septum) that separates the 2 bottom pumping cambers (ventricles) of the heart. The massive hole in the abnormality itself is a VSD. A VSD is known as a Ventricular Septal Defect. Due to the location of the VSD, two more abnormalities develop. One being that there is a vast blood vessel which take the blood to the body (aorta) is pulled toward, and “overrides” the ventricular septum so that it sits over both the left and right ventricles; this is called an overriding aorta (UMMC, 2013). The second abnormality that takes place is that the muscle produces obstruction to the blood flow going out the right across the pulmonary valve. The right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, can be due to obstruction below the valve, at the valve or in the pulmonary arteries as they deliver blood out to the lungs (UMMC, 2013). There is different severities of TOF. The most acute form is known as pulmonary atresia. In patients with pulmonary atresia there is no functional pulmonary valve. The right ventricular outflow obstruction leads to thickening of the

Even though HCM is a common genetic heart condition, there is no cure. However, there are multiple treatments used to relieve symptoms and prevent sudden cardiac death. The specific treatment prescribed varies based on the severity of the condition. Medications are used to relax the heart muscle and slow the heart rate. Doctors may use beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or other medications to control heartbeats. Sometimes a person with HCM will use blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots in the heart. In addition to medications, a patient can get surgery to remove the thickened part of the heart. Septal myectomy is an open-heart procedure in which the surgeon removes part of the thickened septum, improving the blood flow and

Particularly heart beat irregularities (atrial fibrillation), disease of the heart valves, congestive heart failure or recent heart attack.

There are two sorts of gaps in the heart. One is called an atrial septal deformity (ASD), and the other is a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Albeit both are openings in the mass of tissue (septum) between the left and right upper chambers of the heart (atria), their causes are very unique. An ASD is a break of the septal tissue to form between the atria, and thusly it is viewed as an inherent heart imperfection, something that you are born with. By and large an ASD opening is bigger than that of a PFO. The bigger the gap, the more probable there are to be side effects. PFOs, however, can just happen after birth when the foramen ovale neglects to close. The foramen ovale is an opening in the divider between the left and right atria of each human

Formation of the inter-atrial septum divides the primitive atrium into the right and left atrium. As discussed in (Jacobs C.J, 2006, pp. 89-100), the septum starts to form with the growth of the septum primum from the roof towards the endocardial cushions. The opening that forms between the septum primum and endocardial cushions is the ostium primum, this primum eventually fuses with the endocardial cushions and closes. Before the ostium primum closes cell death occurs at the upper portions of the septum primum and results in the ostium secundum. Simultaneously another septum forms, septum secundum on the right of the septum primum. Septum secundum grows until it overlaps the ostium

A 65-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction <20%) and ventricular tachycardia was treated with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) (HeartWare, Framingham, MA) as a bridge to transplant and biventricular implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD; Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). The patient was admitted after he experienced multiple discharges of his ICD. A review of the ICD’s memory showed multiple occurrences of symptomatic non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). The patient was started on mexiletene, but continued to have symptomatic episodes of VT. Ultimately, the patient required a continuous infusion of amiodarone to control the arrhythmia. The patient was discharged after being transitioned to an oral regimen of amiodarone and mexiletene. He was readmitted two days later with complaints of burning

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

One symptom is heart murmur. Heart murmur is when your heart makes swishing sound heard in you heart. Other symptoms that are typically known is shortness of breath. This can happen when exercising or doing some kind of body workout. These treatment can be treated by different kinds of things. This disorder can be treated by doing heart surgery or cardiac catheterization. For the surgery they will stitch up the hole with surgical materials or your body’s own tissue. Cardiac catheterization is when they put a flexible tube in your heart to insert a device in the hole to cover it. People who have atrial septal defect face fewer challenges in their daily

Affects people with asthma and people who exercise outdoors often. Symptoms may include wheezing and shortness of breath.