Atrial Septal Defect Case Study

Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormality that causes the mixing of blood. There is a hole in center of heart where the wall between the upper and lower chambers meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed properly and one large valve crosses the defect. The defect lets oxygen rich blood pass to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood, then go back to the lungs. Another abnormality is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), where the walls of the upper chambers of the heart don’t close completely, causing a left to right movement of blood due to the higher pressure. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may cause the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood.

Early doctors were researching arrhythmia in heart beat as a result of unknown abnormal neuro-cardio mechanisms of the heart, one of theories was that SA and AV nodes were interfering with each other’s bio-electrical impulses another theory was that the right side of the septum was hypersensitive to electrical impulse, all were more else on the right track because we know now that SVT is a result of a faulty electrical connections of the heart.

The flow of blood through the heart is controlled by four valves. If any are not working correctly, blood cannot flow or be pumped effectively to the heart. The four valves are: the tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar. There are many abnormalities or defects that can affect their operation and in this paper, I will discuss the most common one which is a “mitral valve prolapse.” A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. It is also known as “click murmur syndrome” and “Barlow’s syndrome” and is more prevalent in women than men. It has a strong hereditary

2. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference is normally, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen-rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular septal defect it still allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood with oxygen reaches the body.

The effects of a ligature around the AV groove presented no difference in the contraction of atria or ventricle after the first tightening. After the string was tightened further, the ventricular contractions were lost and the atria beat alone at 60 BPM. The AV signal between the chambers was blocked.

A ventricular septal defect or VSD is a heart defect. It’s congenital, this means that a baby is born with it. It is an opening or hole in the dividing wall called the Septum, between the two lower chambers of the heart, right and left ventricles. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type of congenital heart defects. A VSD allows oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle through the opening in the septum. Then it mixes with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. There are different types of ventricular septal defects, the type your child has depends on which part of the wall between the ventricles is involved. Also the size of the opening or hole varies. A ventricular septal defect may occur more often in some families, this is because of gene defects. But most of the time, the cause is unknown. Similarly to ventricular septal defect, an Atrial septal defect is a birth defect of the heart in which there is also a hole in the wall in the septum, but instead of dividing the lower chambers it divides the upper chambers of the heart (atria), here a hole can vary in size and may close on its own or may require surgery as well. An atrial septal defect is one type of congenital heart defect, in which also the baby is born with it.

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart and into the body from the left ventricle during each contraction and is measured in millilitres per beat. When the heart is resting stroke volume is at a normal pace. When the heart rate starts to increase stroke volume has to become faster and pump more blood out of the heart

The cardiac cycle cannot be described as a linear series of events associated with the flow of blood through the four chambers. One can not accurately describe the cardiac cycle by simply tracing the path of blood from the

There is an evidence that increased aortic wave reflections have adverse effects on increased ventricular afterload and decreased coronary perfusion, and this pathological role has been demonstrated in the process of heart failure [22]. The patients with heart failure have lower PWV than normal due to reduced stroke volume and blood pressure when the heart is incapable of ejecting adequate blood flow throughout the circulatory system and organs [42]. Moreover, increased central arterial wave reflections have been shown to independently predict cardiovascular risk and mortality [43].

The electrocardiogram measures electric activity of the heart and looks at heart rate from different angles using electrodes placed around the body (clavicles, write, calf, ankle) and the charge that travels through this apparatus. Einthoven’s triangle describes the axes at which the heart can be studied based on the placement of the electrodes.

Gradient echo sequences are typically bright-blood sequences. They have fast acquisition time and hence can be used to obtain physiological information such as myocardial function, velocity and blood flow measurements. They are sensitive to metal artifacts and inhomogeneities in the magnetic field. [3] [5]

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

Atrial Septal Defect is a common and interesting disorder. Atrial Septal Defect is mostly know as “a hole in the heart.” This disorder is birth defect. It can happen to male, female, adult, and kids. This disorder mostly happens to kids and infant. Atrial Septal Defect is when there is a hole in your heart that doesn’t allow oxygen to flow through. This can causes difficulty breathing, heart murmur, and e.t.c... There three different types of level. These level are called ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The most severe level is ostium secundum which is the true atrial septal. Then is ostium primum, and last sinus venosus. This genetic disorder is typically diagnosed by noticing .symptoms.

reports the amount of force exerted by the blood into the arteries during ventricular contraction.

Flow uncertainty can be pictured in flow quantification and sources of error needs to be figured out and those should be resolved. The main sources are partial volume effect, poor segmentation and noise. Parameters like vessel size (actual vessel size, resolution), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (Scan parameters, blood velocity, velocity threshold), vessel segmentation accuracy (Segmentation method, SNR ) would rule the impact of these errors. Certain pixels that comprise of both still and moving spins would affect the phase value which does not reflect the correct/true velocity. Consider the flow is laminar and the assuming the magnitude signal behavior, this error can be demonstrated as a function of a vessel size. This would be the partial volume effect. A poor segmentation would be to miss some of the pixel that contains blood flow. Considering partial volume pixels were missed, this error can also be defined as function of the vessel. Noise can be denoted by considering the pug flow and ignoring the phase wrapping as σF/Fv ∝ (ve/vp)(1/SNR)(1/λ) where ve and vp are venc and peak velocity respectively, while σF/Fv is the standard deviation of flow relative