Attention Cognitive Psychology

Attention is thought to be selective-focused on one subject at a time. Traditionally, it has been assumed that automatic processing is involuntary, it does not require attention, and is relatively fast; whereas, controlled processing is voluntary, does require attention, and is relatively slow. We can conclude from this that the more we repeat a certain material or tasks the more it becomes automatic and effortless to us.

In this particular case study, an eight year old child named Al, was diagnosed with Prosopagnosia. The analysis cultivated that Al was unable to achieve perceptions of faces for both

Selection. Selection is defined in the book as the following “The process of attending to a stimulus.” (Floyd, pg. 109) I have watched this video over and over before writing this paper, but the first time I watched it nothing really stood out to me besides

These tasks require mind-off-the-road. Researcher Green found out that the tasks which are not visually demanding like day dreaming or listening to a long speech in phone could increase the probability of crashes. Two different conditions and a control condition were compared with 24 participants actively participating in it [5].

In my life, people thought that I disregarded my education. Over time, it became frustrating to see people give up on me. Since, people were unaware that I am enthusiastic in regards to my education, it wasn’t until recent success that people became aware.

When we look at the science of human development, the main consideration is how people change over time. In the age old question of nature versus nurture, there are some that believe the characteristics and traits within us are innate, meaning we are born with them. Still others feel that nurturing, our environmental influences like friends, community, schools, media and even parents affect who we are. This is a false dichotomy, it is not which-but how much of each because both play crucial roles in our development (Berger 2015).

Describe: There was 6 people in the room passing around 2 different basketballs. The one group of people was wearing white while the other was wearing black. The point of this video is to count how many times the ball is passed around among the people wearing white. As you are trying to count all the group members they are moving and passing the ball. You are so focused on counting that you miss the gorilla walking right in the middle of the group. The ball was passed 15 times around the group wearing white.

Under these conditions, participants reported seeing illusory conjunctions in 18% of trials. That is, participants reported seeing objects that consisted of a combination of features from two different stimuli. For example, after seeing a big yellow circle, a big blue triangle, a small red triangle, and a small green circle, a person might report seeing a small red circle and a small green triangle. The reason illusory conjunctions occurred is that stimuli were presented rapidly and the observers' attention was distracted from the target object by having them focus on the black numbers; thus, elementary features had not yet been grouped or bound to an object. Having participants attend to the target objects eliminated the illusory conjunction. The second stage of processing depends on attention. In this stage, the features are recombined, so we perceive the whole object rather than individual features. Treisman linked the process of binding that occurs in the focused attention stage to physiology by noting that an object causes activity in both the '’what'’ and '’where'’ streams of the cortex (see Two-streams

Attentional bias can be defined as increased absorption of and enhanced sensitivity to certain environmental cues (Williams, Muller, Reas, & Thaw, 1999). One way to study attentional biases is with lexical decision tasks (Hill & Kemp-Wheeler, 1989). In a typical lexical decision task, subjects are asked to determine as quickly and accurately as possible if a string of letters displayed on a screen is a word or nonword; both accuracy and speed are predicted to improve with more salient words. For example, if a firefighter read the word fire on the screen, he or she would be expected to respond faster and more accurate than if he or she read the word sock.

● Information processing - The theory states that at the time information is presented to the

By contrast, late selection models, e.g. Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) place the bottleneck much nearer to the response end of processing. Their model assumes that all incoming stimuli are automatically processed and analysed for meaning, regardless of whether they are consciously attended to or not, with selective filtering occurring only after meaning has been extracted.

The attention network from infant to adult gradually lessens, but in turn becomes a part of behavior control. The genetic make ups of all personnel differs, but have a similitude of the relationship between attention networks and behavior. Since behavior development is influenced by the caregivers’ behavior and other environmental influences, understanding the relationship of maturation and learning can allow us to learn and understand more of how the human brain develops.

Many theorist have put a lot of time into determining how we attend to our environment and the attention we give to information around us. While I believe that both early and late-selection models have good basis and have good reasonings behind their ideologies, I believe that late selection models of attention most adequately explain how we attend to our environments. Late selection models argue that information is selected after processing for meaning, opposed to during the earlier stages of processing. All information is attended to, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Regardless of the meanings behind the information, the information inputs are processed equivalently until further encoding and analysis can be performed. I believe

Introduction: We use our attention to search for things on a day-to-day basis, whether complex or basic. Items we are searching for are noticed easier when there are many of the same different items (distractors) around the one we are searching for. It helps the item we are searching for stand out. When there is more than one different, kind of distractor around the item (target) it makes it harder for us to find to find it. Mackintosh (1975) states, in order to have selective attention we learn to watch or ignore the stimuli depending on its relevance to what we are looking for. We also learn “inverse relationship” between the different stimuli. If stimuli increase the other, stimuli will decrease and vice versa. We use these ideas when we were looking for a certain stimulus and we have to find it in different scenes of varied other stimuli (distractors). According to Treisman and Gelade (1980), the theory tells us that attention has to be individually directed to each dependent stimulus regardless of the distractions surrounding it. One stimulus has to be easily distinguishable to be detected as different. In order to find the target crowded by the various distractors, we have to make sure we specifically focus our attention on just finding that one stimulus and not the distractors. According to Treisman (1982), when searching for the dependent stimulus in a scene with other different stimuli, we scan the scene in groups rather than by each

full perceptual processing. Yet an important difference in her model is that it incorporates an additional second attenuating filter and a dictionary analysis unit. It is also an early selection model based on physical characteristics of the information. Therefore the weakened message is still processed to some extent Information is briefly retained in a sensory register or buffer, and then undergoes analysis by the attenuation filter the main message gets through with other information. However, Treisman's filter attenuates (weakens), rather than eliminates, the unattended information. A second selective filter processes the information that is attended to, which