Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Essay

There is also three other forms of hemochromatosis Juvenile, neonatal, and transfusion. “Juvenile hemochromatosis is one type of form which affects young adults ages 15 to 30.” Then there is “neonatal hemochromatosis, which is when iron builds up very quickly in an infants liver and can cause death.” The third is transfusion related hemochromatosis which is a result of “iron overload cause by to many blood transfusions.”

However, acute kidney injury is complications are reversible. Patients with life threatening conditions are more susceptible to developing this disorder. Acute kidney injury is commonly developed after either chronic hypotension or hypovolemia or exposure to a nephrotoxic agent. With increased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and potassium with or without a reduction in urine output develops acute kidney injury over hours or days (Lewis, 2014, p. 1101-1102). High incidents of hospitalized patients develop AKI, one out of five, and a high mortality rate. (Lewis, 2014, pp. 1101-1102)

Leads to a reduced ability to form blood clots due to a decreased number of platelets.

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Disease (HYPP) is a muscular disorder found prominently in horses that occurs due to an inherited genetic mutation [1]. Specifically, a point mutation in the sodium channel gene, found in the muscle of affected horses, is passed on to offspring [1]. Sodium channels found in the muscle cell membrane primarily control muscle fiber contraction [1]. According to research summarized by UC Davis, when this defective sodium channel gene is present, the channels “leak” due to fluctuation of blood potassium levels, causing the muscle to depolarize and to contract involuntarily [4]. These fluctuating potassium levels may result from a period of fasting, followed by intake of high potassium feed, such as alfalfa [1]. Ultimately, the depolarization causes the muscles to lose their effectiveness, and myopathy eventually develops [4]. All horses positive for the HYPP gene mutation are affected for their entire lives [2].

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) is one of the most severe autoimmune disorders that kills between 29-77% of dogs each year [1]. The disease is usually found in large and middle aged dogs. IMHA is a pathologic process that results in premature destruction of red blood cells when an immune response directly or indirectly targets red blood cells of all ages[ 2]. IMHA can be caused by various factors, but categorized in two ways. IMHA can be an idiopathic autoimmune event (primary IMHA) or associated with trigger factors (secondary IMHA) such as imbalance of immune cells caused by another underlying disease, toxin, drug, or vaccine [3]. The most common clinical signs of IMHA may be acute or chronic, depending upon the rate of hemolysis. If the patient is in a chronic state, they will have symptoms such as lethargy, jaundice, decreased physical activity, diarrhea, or discoloration of urine, which most mistake for a urinary tract infection. If there is a more rapid hemolysis occurring, the first symptom to happen may be an acute collapse from the dog [1]. Although the mortality rate of IMHA is fairly high, there are treatment options to improve tissue oxygen delivery and to suppress the immune response to prevent some of the major complications that occur with IMHA [1]. Depending on the severity of the patients IMHA, a blood transfusion may be required, but if not then most cases are treated with immunosuppressant therapy such as glucocorticoid therapy, adjunct

This has not stopped aHUS from being removed from the body completely but has been effective in preventing TMA reoccurring in patients. Before patients were offered eculizumab the European Pediatric Study Group for HUS suggested the option of rapid administration of plasma exchange and plasma infusion. This would require intense administration for five days a week, this was too much on one person as the American society for apheresis offers a weak recommendation for plasma exchange to treat Atypical HUS due to the low quality of evidence supporting its use. Nonetheless, there have been some patients experienced improvements in red blood cell and platelet counts, considering plasma therapies typically did not result in full remission. Although this was working for a low percentage of patients it has been removed from the options of treatment, that amount of plasma exchange is a lot for one to handle in such a short matter of time. Eculizumab has been useful for Atypical HUS. Food and Drug administration approved it as an orphan drug and this approval was based on two small trials of 17 people and 20

In rare cases, the disease may be due to a gene mutation that happens spontaneously.

In some children, other genes may be involved in AHC. Some of these genes may be passed down through families.

If blood tests indicate kidney disease as the most likely cause of anemia, treatment can include injections of a genetically engineered form of EPO. A health care provider, often a nurse, injects the patient with EPO subcutaneously, or under the skin, as needed. Some patients learn how to inject the EPO themselves. Patients on hemodialysis may receive EPO intravenously during hemodialysis.

When I was in the third grade, my family and I went out to the lake in Locust Grove to visit my grandpa. For brunch, we ate out a restaurant with him. Later that day, we went out on the lake; it was wonderful, and little did I know it would be one of the last enjoyable experiences I would have for a long while. We went home that night, and everything was normal, but the next week my whole family started to get extremely sick. They gradually got better, but I got worse. My mom took me to the doctor multiple times, and I was immediately sent to the hospital after my last visit. I ended up missing six weeks of school.

A relatively uncommon disorder, autoimmune hemolytic anaemia (AIHA) has a prevalence of 17:100,000. Warm Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia (wAIHA) is a form of AIHA, where autoantibodies cause damage to the outer membrane of the red blood cell, via antigens, triggering the immunologic premature phagocytosis/death (haemolysis) of red blood cells. When the mortality rate of RBCs surpasses the capacity of the bone marrow to deliver more RBCs, anaemia occurs. In which case the following symptoms manifest in patients:

"Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)" is now used to designate any hemolytic anemia related to RBC fragmentation, occurring in association with small vessel disease. In DIC, RBC fragmentation is thought to result from the deposition of fibrin or platelets within the microvasculature. The term "thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)" is also used to describe syndromes characterized by MAHA, thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic lesions in small blood vessels. The most prominent diagnoses associated with TMA are thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Many different disorders, including preeclampsia, infections, adverse drug reactions, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies,

prone to rupture, leading to hemolytic anemia. Changes in the lipid composition of the membranes

It is not necessarily the hematuria that will be gained from the risk factors, it is the exposure of certain chemicals and dyes that leads to a urinary disease and causes hematuria. Hematuria is also a symptom of many of diseases. But it mainly pertains to the diagnosis of urological

Other Medical Problems: Steroid induced diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, anemia, chronic lymphocyte leukemia, and thrombocytopenia.