Auditory Dysfunction

An event similar to missing time can take place while hearing binaural noises intended to cause altered states of

Auditory Processing Disorders, also known as Central Processing Disorders, are difficulties in the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system. The definition for an Auditory Processing Disorder is frequently changing and evolving. According to ASHA standards in 2005, a “central processing disorder refers to difficulties in the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central nervous system and the neurobiological activity that underlies the processing and gives rise to the electrophysiological auditory potentials (ASHA 2005).” Recent evidence has declared auditory processing disorders to be a legitimate clinical disorder resulting from confirmation of the link between well-defined lesions of the central nervous system and deficits on behavioral and electrophysiological central auditory measures (Musiek, F. Journal of American Academy of Audiology). An individual is likely to perform normally in tests including clicks and tones, rather than speech. There is a significant difference between the receptors for audition and speech processing. It is imperative that these disorders are diagnosed and treated early in a child’s development to eliminate developmental negative consequences.

The temporal lobe is meant for processing sounds and dealing with almost everything hearing related. We believe this is possibly our most interactive exhibit with multiple activities designed to test and explore one’s hearing potential! Two activities include a hearing test and a pitch hearing test both of which are clearly interactive and enjoyable for both young and old

R Studio was used to calculate the statistics in this experiment. We compared participant’s perception of sounds (proportion of voiced responses) with stimuli of different laterality and precursor. A voiced sound is a speech sound produced with the vibration of the vocal cords while devoiced sound is one produced with no vibration of the vocal cord. Data from 19 participants were included in the analysis. Each participant listened to 4 different types of sound: 1) Laterality of 0 (sounds presented with equal amplitude) and a precursor of 1. For example, “span” seemed to be presented to the center sounding like “s-pan.” 2) Laterality of 150 (sounds presented with opposing amplitude) and a precursor of 1. For example, “s” seemed to be presented to the right while “pan” is to the left, or vice versa. 3) Laterality of 0 (sounds presented with equal

To investigate if the cross-modal effects are evenly distributed across auditory cortex, Lomber et al. (2010) employed cooling loops to differentially deactivate specific regions of auditory cortex. Ultimately, they suggested that the posterior auditory field (PAF) mediated enhanced peripheral visual localization

The receiver is located adjacently to the transmitter on the other side of the skull and attaches to the electrode array. These two components are internal devices, with the electrode array going through the ear canal and cochlear. The receiver induces the electric impulses along the electrode array to stimulate the hearing nerve fibres in the inner ear. Signals are then sent via the hearing nerve to the brain and recognised as sound.

A sound source in space will stimulate both ears. Experiments with headphones have suggested that the side on which a source is heard depends on timing and intensity differences at the two ears. A sound source on one side will stimulate the nearest ear first, because the sound path to that ear is shorter. This cue is particularly important for low-frequency sounds, because with low-frequency sounds, the phase differences at the two ears produced by the difference in path length are unambiguous. The intensity at the nearest ear will also be greater, because the farther ear is shadowed by the head. Localization depending only on these binaural cues lead to potential ambiguities, because they do not give information on the elevation of a sound source, or whether the source is in front of or behind the head. Information on these is contributed by the pinna, which for high-frequency sounds produces further shadows and reflections. The cues from the pinna also mean that some localization is possible when using only one ear.

Auditory selective attention modulates the cortical responses. Because of the corticofugal feedback from the auditory cortex to the brainstem level, the brainstem responses are affected by higher order mechanisms. Auditory selective attention increases selectivity and shifts the responses to the target sound. In this study in order to evaluate selectivity at the brainstem level during auditory selective attention, the cross-phasogram method was used. The responses were obtained in 15 normal hearing subjects. In this study, the cross-phasogram method was applied to the brainstem responses to the diotically-presented /ba/ and /da/ stimuli. Then it was applied to the brainstem responses to the dichotically-presented /ba/ and /da/ stimuli while

An auditory brainstem response is an electrical potential generated from the changes in neural activity when an acoustic stimulus is presented into the ear. Stimuli in the form of clicks, tonebursts or chirps are transmitted through a transducer and measured using surface electrodes positioned on the scalp. The elicited waveform response consists of 7 waves that occur within a period of 10ms after the presented stimuli. Each waveform peak is labeled from I-VII where each wave corresponds to a neural generator within the auditory pathway. Just like other auditory evoked potentials such as the middle-latency response, the response depends relatively on the pathological factors, non-pathological factors, acquisition parameters, stimulus parameters as well as the noise and interference. Consequently, this has meant that a great deal of research has been conducted into investigating these potential effects on the ABR, especially as it is commonly used in clinical practice such as for evaluating retrocochlear pathology, detecting permanent childhood hearing loss in newborn hearing screens and intraoperative monitoring during surgery. These findings usually influence the test conditions used in protocols and guidance for clinical practice. Whilst previous literature focus their experiments in order to find a significant difference in the ABR waveform, very few studies explore what these parameters and factors have on the quality aspect of the recording. This study will primarily

Central auditory processes are the auditory system mechanisms responsible for the behavioral phenomena such as sound localization and lateralization; auditory discrimination; temporal aspects of audition including temporal resolution, temporal masking, temporal integration and temporal ordering; auditory performance with competing acoustic signals and auditory performance with degraded signals. These mechanisms and processes apply to verbal as well as non-verbal signals and may affect many areas of function, including speech and language (ASHA, 1996). Central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) can be defined as a deficiency in any one or more of the behavioral phenomena listed previously (ASHA, 1996).

? Binaural beats are specific sounds that are created to alter brainwave frequencies. By changing someone's brainwave frequencies, through a method called brain entrainment, with binaural beats you can change your mental and physical state.

patients were instructed on the strategy for sound enrichment to increase afferent input and to

The right side of the brain is stimulated more during happy and pleasurable sounds. (Salimpor)

Previous research on binaural beats has identified that the illusory effect is a result of a central interaction between the signals transduced from the beats and the superior olivary nuclei, which is located inside of the brainstem. The brainstem neurons inside of the superior olivary nuclei then fire action potentials at a rate corresponding to the difference in frequency of the binaural beat (1). It is also important to note that along with the superior olivary complex being most often associated with hearing and the ascending and descending auditory pathways, occasionally patients suffering from mental retardation and autism often do not possess, or are missing large portions of, the superior olivary complex (5). Furthermore electroencephalograms

Generally click ABR is used for threshold estimation and assessment of neural intergrity. The appearance of Wave V generally follows by about 10 to 20 dB the threshold to hear the respective click. (47) The click evoked brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP)/brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)/auditory brainstem response (ABR) has well-established utility in neurology, neurologic surgery, and otology since its introduction to clinical medicine in the 1970s.(51) Routine click ABR interpretation consists of Waves I, III, and V absolute and interpeak interval (IPI) determinations, and comparison with normative data. In neurologic practice, the cornerstone of click ABR interpretation has been the IPIs representing central or brainstem conduction times, often obviating confounding middle ear conductive delay or hearing problems which usually cause a delayed Wave I. It’s elicited by click stimuli delivered to each ear separately, thus it’s sensitive to brainstem lesions from tumors, trauma, hemorrhage, ischemia, demyelination, or metabolic insult. (46) Waveform amplitudes perhaps more dependant on neuronal generators, are more variable between individuals, susceptible to background noise and less reliable than latency conductions, although absence of waves after Wave I or II has