Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Paper

Still, though, there are people that still believe MMR vaccinations cause autism. Andrew Wakefield is one of those individuals that believe that MMR vaccinations cause autism. Wakefield has been found guilty of fraud and dishonesty. Thus, causing him to lose his credentials. Wakefield still denies that he was wrong and he denies the allegations of fraud (Godlee et al., 2011). The GMC (General Medicine Counsel), the organization that removed Wakefield’s credentials; furthermore the GMC has asked him to either reproduce the results or say he was wrong. Wakefield has neglected to do either. One of the worst things about this is five years after being retracted one out of four Americans will not get their children vaccinated because they believe that MMR vaccinations cause autism. Vaccination rates are higher than they were ten years ago, but they are still not high enough. In the United States of America, MMR vaccination rates are at 92% and in the UK they are at 90%. These percentages are pretty good considering that in the UK rates dropped below 75% and below 58% in some areas (Kolodziejski, 2014. p.165), (Burgess et al,. 2006. p.3921). The numbers are improving, but it is still not high enough it should be around

Van Hees, V., Moyson, T., & Roeyers, H. (2015). Higher education experiences of students with autism spectrum disorder. Challenges, benefits and support needs. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1673-1688.

In the 1950s, the polio vaccine was introduced and life in America was forever changed. We vaccinated children against polio and many other diseases and America as a whole became a much healthier place. Soon, parents could quite reasonably expect to have a happy and healthy child. Vaccines were like miracle drugs. Then, in 1998, everything changed. Andrew Wakefield, a physician from the United Kingdom, published a study stating that he had found a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Thus began the dangerous trend of refusing vaccines for children. Although many people believe vaccines to be dangerous, in fact, they are one of the safest medical procedures done.

What is autism? What are the symptoms of autism? There are so many questions about autism, especially there are many children that suffer from different types of autism which are autism disorder, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive development disorder. This essay is going to explain different steps on how to help your child cope with the world or at home. My brother has autism, he was diagnosed when he was two years old which was very interesting and shocking at the same time.growing up with an autistic brother wasn't easy, there were so many things to learn through these eight years, but me and my mom took these steps providing a soothing environment, taking him to therapy, ensure safety around the home, understanding stimming/communication verbal, understanding special interest.

For the longest time, vaccines have been thought of has as medical breakthroughs of epic proportions. They have, in part, led to a dramatic increase in human life expectancy and have successfully rid the human race of horrible diseases such as smallpox and polio. However, recently there has been controversy regarding alleged side effects of receiving vaccinations, with autism being at the forefront of discussion. A study published by Wakefield in 1998 is what sparked the debate; in the study, Wakefield claimed that the onset of autism was directly correlated with a child’s measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR). Since the study was published, a rather large group of anti-vaccine activists have remained vocal and encouraged others to cease vaccinated their children. Celebrities and media personalities such as Jenny McCarthy have been very outspoken against vaccinations, causing panic among parents regarding the vaccination of their children. By carefully examining the evidence brought forth supporting both the pro- and anti-vaccine arguments, one can reasonably conclude that the benefits of vaccinations outweigh the potential negative effects.

In 1998, a British doctor named Andrew Wakefield published an article stating that the MMR (Mumps-Measles -Rubella) vaccine was linked to autism in young children. Later several different studies were performed to test Mr.Wakefeild's research and "Asthepreponderanceofevidencefromaroundtheworld has accumulated showing no relationship between MMR vaccine and autism "(Miller and Reynolds 169).Though disproved this claim caused mass hysteria making parents question vaccinating their children and leading some to choose against it. Today, there are thousands of children in the United States whose parents have chosen to not have vaccinated. These unprotected children are the result of their parent’s fear of vaccinations and their side effects. Due

Just imagine your child was diagnosed of having autism. The realization of your child perhaps being autistic may be lurid. You now know that your child will be found with many challenges, and may have a severe difficulty making sense of the world. Autism is an illness that can affect your communication, socialization, intelligence, and you may act in many unusual behaviors. To try to help an autistic child is being very courageous. Having a child will who is autistic will be a struggle throughout both of your lives.

The trend to refuse vaccinations is believed to have stemmed from a fake study completed by Andrew Wakefield in 1993 saying the MMR vaccine caused autism and bowel disease. In Wakefield’s study, he tested 12 children who had grown up with normal development who presented a loss of acquired skills after receiving the Measles/Mumps/Rubella vaccine. According to the study, “Behavioural disorders included autism (nine), disintegrative psychosis (one), and possible postviral or vaccinal encephalitis (two)” (Wakefield). It was later found that these diagnoses were false and Wakefield had been paid off by parents of children with autism to make these claims and that

Scientists began to look at the correlation between vaccinations and Autism. According, to the article by Remedy’s Health Communities there was a study that was conducted in 1998 that may have noted that there might be some connection between autism and the MMR vaccine. This study was not validated by any of the leading health organizations. It was denied by the World Health Organization, the American Association of Pediatrics, and the National Institute of Health as well as the Center for Disease Control these entities are in the leading forefront of health care issues. If they did not give credit to this study the hope was that this alarm about vaccinations would subside and calm peoples fears. Since, this study was conducted there has not been one study that could certifiably link vaccinations to

Vaccines are an example of great advancements in medicine. Vaccinations have allowed dangerous diseases, such as smallpox and polio, to become rare. An article in The Lancet in 1998 discussed a study that linked the MMR vaccine with autism. Even though the study has been proven false, people continue to believe vaccines are dangerous and cause autism. This paper explores the controversy of vaccines, arguments for and against them, and any risks associated with vaccines.

A little girl is enrolling in kindergarten. She meets all the qualifications necessary for the school, except for one: she has not received all the required vaccinations. Her parents have heard stories of children developing autism after receiving the MMR vaccine, and they are not willing to give her immunizations. These parents are not alone in this fear, though there is no scientific evidence that any vaccine causes autism. This false idea arose from a study (which was eventually revoked) in The Lancet, a medical journal in the United Kingdom, which showed that children developed gastrointestinal problems related to autism after receiving the MMR vaccine.

The decline in the MMR vaccine is partially associated with Somali community’s lack of trust in the healthcare system, which is viewed as a government run entity that has a particular interest in vaccinating the Somalis for purposes other than prevention of infectious agents. This concern has been intensified by increasing rates of children in the Somali community being diagnosed with Autism. There appears to be a strong association between the MMR vaccine and autism in the community. As Somali parents try to make sense of the high prevalence of autism in their children,

Autism have been recognized as in existence since the 1940s but only in recent years it has been recognised under the standardized psychiatric diagnostic classification schemes. It is not unusual for people with ASD to be at risk of displaying challenging behaviours which could lead to offending behaviours, however, on the other hand they can also be at lower risk as they find rules helpful in surviving in the social world. This paper will look at what is ASD, studies on ASD individuals and offending behaviours, explanations on the outcomes of the studies and conclusion on these findings.

However, vaccinations could take another side. Fear has crept into the minds of parents. The fear of something going wrong; the fear of it not working; and the fear of autism. Autism has crossed the minds of many in different states. The reason is of a study done by one scientist. All it took was one study to send the world into panic. Andrew Wakefield, a British scientist, shocked the world with the lab results he recorded. He found that vaccines can spread autism by mutating DNA (“Vaccine Debate”, 1). Of course, this study is going to send terrible thoughts into the minds of parents getting their child vaccinated. Only one scientist completed this study and it was published all over the books, magazines, and internet. Years later, other scientists did not believe this was an accurate study due to it being only a “one man’s” study.

According to University of Washington School of Law, USA.(2004), the number of people who were antivaccination was increasing quickly in the United States. Vaccination became a controversial topic after the myths of “vaccines cause autism”. The internet and lots of websites compounded the blame. This led to an increasing number of parents refusing immunizations for their children and induced an interesting phenomenon: parents scared the consequence of vaccination more than the underlying diseases. There are few myths and reasons that people keep away from the vaccines. Mckeen and Bohannon (2016) gave four comprehensive reasons: religious reasons, personal beliefs or philosophical reasons, safety concerns, and a desire for more information from healthcare providers. Religion affects the core belief of the people which impose their views against immunization. For personal beliefs or philosophical reasons, people think vaccination is contrary to human intuition. They think natural immunity is better and more long term. For safety concerns, few myths emerge as people concern about the safety of vaccination. One of the myths is “vaccines cause autism”. It emerged in the 1998 Lancet publication by Andrew Wakefield and associates. (Falagas & Vatheia, 2016). In Wakefield's articles, he associated measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination and autism. He concluded “vaccines cause autism” only based on eight cases. However, the article was fully retracted in 2010 and the