Autistic disorder with complex IV over-activity: A new mitochondrial syndrome
Part I - Goal: Comprehension
Summary
For a very long time, many scholars have associated mitochondrial disease with substantial decreases in the complex activity of the electron transport chain. Nevertheless, recent studies have linked mitochondrial disorders with multifaceted over activity. In this study by Frye & Naviaux (2011), is the first of its kind to autistic disorder with complex IV over activity. Frye & Naviaux (2011) sampled five patients with a somewhat very high level of complex IV activity, with autism coupled with regression in development, and whose muscle electron microscopy is abnormal; these patients were tested. The authors found that at
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Additionally, carrying out chromosomal microarray was also significant since it also revealed the presence of pathogenic number changes as well as the possibilities of microdeletion that is considered a risk factor with regards to autism, intellectual disability, seizures, as well as malformations. Similarly, measurement of antibodies in three of the samples was also ideal because it provided information of the level – whether high-positive 0r low-positive – of the antibody which is known to block the folate from binding to folate transporter from the blood to the brain. Finally, carrying out a workup for the metabolic disorders following the guidelines suggest by Rossignol & Frye (2011) was also ideal. This is because it enabled determine the elevation levels of biochemical markers that are known for their contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction. These steps were indeed significant because, as is apparent in literature, they give a vivid comprehension on how reduction in mitochondrial roles define mitochondrial deficiencies.
Article’s Cons
The only are that the authors failed in is in their sample size, as well as sample distribution. First, the sample size of five cases is too small so much so that its findings can hardly be generalized to assert the hypothesis that the authors were testing. It would be ideal if Fryea &
1) explain why it is important to recognise that each individual on the autistic spectrum has their own individual abilities, needs, strengths, preferences and interests
Associated with autism, there are a number of conditions comorbid to ASC. There is a high prevalence of epilepsy in individuals with autism, with a 1 in 4 prevalence, with seizures often starting in early childhood or adolescence. Tourette’s syndrome also has a higher prevalence within ASC then the neuro-typical population, with a prevalence of 6.5% compared to 2-3%. This may be due to abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate and serotonin abnormalities in autism. There is also a high proportion of individuals with learning difficulties, whether mild, moderate or severe, with a reporting from as low as 20% up to 70% prevalence.
Tommy R. is a 6-year-old boy and a kindergarten student in a K-8 combined elementary and junior high school in the San Jose greater metropolitan area. There has been a meeting requested by his educational team and parents to talk about his behavior in school and cognitive abilities in the classroom. School staff have been receiving complaints from Tommy’s teacher and classroom staff about not following direction and non-compliance. Tommy also struggles with completing some classroom tasks as well.
Complete write up re Autistic spectrum conditions. Include in this the difficulties that those with these conditions have and the behaviour they may exhibit. How do you support those with Autism, who else may be involved and how do you ensure effective communication with autistic people. Give actual exampls of your support where possible.
· Based on your review of the statistics in the study, do you agree with the study’s conclusions? Why or why not?
1.2 - Analyse the main diagnostic features of autistic spectrum conditions commonly known as the and amp;quot;triad of impairments and amp;quot;
One criticism of this research is that it is correlational. Therefore, we cannot infer a causal
While these studies provide positive results the draw back to them are that the sample groups for each were considerably small which means that there is insufficient evidence to support
There is a risk for a type 1 error in this study because of the multiple comparisons in this study.
Autism is a syndrome that is characterized by the impairment of social interaction skills, verbal and nonverbal communication, and a decreased interest in participating in a variety of activities. In 1943, Kanner, the man who is attributed with the identification of this disease, hypothesized that autism might be a biological disorder as opposed to a psychological one. Numerous studies have been conducted supporting Kanner’s hypothesis. These studies have ranged from examining the effects of rubella to investigating certain purine metabolic disorders as possible etiological agents. Recently, the areas of neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and genetics have played a crucial role in developing a clearer picture into
The authors relied heavily on two studies to create their argument. The first study mentioned was the Pinto et al article. In this study, "Pinto and colleagues (5) assessed the
The framework that will be used to critique the above research paper is Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan (2007). This framework has been chosen because it is easy to follow and is routinely used to critique quantitative research studies (Fothergill and Lipp, 2014).
| Based on explicit knowledge and this can be easy and fast to capture and analyse.Results can be generalised to larger populationsCan be repeated – therefore good test re-test reliability and validityStatistical analyses and interpretation are
COMMENTS argument is that because the average effect size for published research was equivalent to that of a medium effect, the reviewer 's decision to reject the bogus manuscript under the nonsignificant condition was "reasonable." Further examination of the Haase et al. (1982) article and our own analysis of published research, however, demonstrates that the power of the bogus study was great enough to detect effect sizes that are typical of research published in JCP, which was our intention when we designed the bogus study. First, although the median effect size (if) for all univariate statistical tests, significant and nonsignificant, reported by Haase et al. (1982) was .083, this index was steadily increasing at a rate of approximately .5% per year, so that the projected median if- in 1981 (the year our study was completed) would be .13. Importantly, an r)2 of .13 corresponds to an effect size (/) of .39, which Cohen (1977) designates as a large effect. A further examination of the Haase et al. (1982) data also lends support to our argument. Their analysis examined the strength of association for 11,044 univariate statistical tests derived from only 701 manuscripts; thus, each manuscript reported an average of more than 15 statistical tests. Since statistically significant and
This study was limited due to the small sample size. Although the conclusions are valid, more research with a