Automated Brain Tissue Segmentation

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between functions of the left and right hemispheres. I will compare the performance of people with intact brains with the performance of so-called split-brain patients. In many ways, the brains of these two groups are very similar. 1a. The brain stem is found in the deepest part of the brain. The brainstem controls the automatic survival functions of the body, such as breathing. There are no differences between the function of the normal brainstem and the brain of a split brain patient. The brainstem will still supply the automatic survival functions of the body. 1b. The hippocampus is found in the limbic system along with the amygdala, the hypothalamus. The hippocampus is in charge of allowing the body to process information into memories. Without the hippocampus, there is no way for new memories to be created. There is no anatomical difference between the hippocampus in the normal brain and a split brain. 1c. The corpus callosum is found in the center of the brain. The role it plays as a part of the brain is it connects both the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to work and interact together as a whole system. The difference between the anatomy of the corpus callosum in a split brain patient versus someone without a

1) In the Learning Brain video many interesting concepts were brought to my attention. There were two that stood out to me the most. One of those concepts was when the narrator discussed fixed mindsets. Someone with a fixed mindset believes we are only born with a certain amount of intelligence. Having this mindset is not good because it leads us to believe that we will never be able to learn something no matter how hard we try. But, the narrator stated that the more we use our brain the more efficient it becomes since the neurons grow more pathways. Another concept in this video was stress and anxiety. Our emotions have a significant impact on how we learn. It is best to study when we are happy and relaxed because we will be able to process

Subcortical structures in the brain are important because of their role in memory, mood, and other vital functions. However, these structures are typically smaller than cortical structures, which can inhibit MRI spatial resolution and image quality. In particular, it remains an open question as to how best to work with fMRI data. Maximizing signal and BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) sensitivity from these very small regions of interests (ROIs) is a difficult task while maintaining spacial specificity (knowledge of whether a voxel lies within a region).

The segmentation of biological structure of the brain plays a crucial role in neuro imaging analysis. Major purpose of Brain tumor segmentation is to categorize the different tumor tissues such as active cells, necrotic core, and edema from normal brain tissues of Gray Matter (GM), White Matter (WM), and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). MR (Magnetic resonance) images are used to produce images of soft tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body of human body are . The objective of this review paper is to present a complete overview for MRI brain tumor segmentation. In this paper various techniques for segmentation have been discussed & it is found that hybrid clustering methodology results better in minimal

The brain is often considered the most complex organ in the human body. It is also the most difficult to understand, given the vast array of different functions spread throughout its mass and the interconnected functionality of its regions that makes subdividing it based on form or function a difficult task. Craddock, et al. (2012), in the article examined, attempt to produce a method for further examining the functional connectivity (FC) of the regions of the brain and subdivide them based on spatial positioning and function. Understanding FC in the brain can significantly improve understanding of many brain functions and the effect of outside stimulus of various parts of the brain. This examination will only be able to take place by creating an accurate whole brain atlas. This creation of a whole brain atlas, or a map of the brain separating it into regions of interest (ROI) based positioning and/or function, has typically been done via fMRI analysis of the brain combined with an anatomically based mapping procedure. This study seeks to use fMRI technology combined with an algorithm to create voxel clusters or ROI’s that optimize both spatial coherence and homogeneity in regards to the FC of the individual ROIs that can closely match of the results of a voxel-wise analysis, while improving on computation power required and interpretability.

Image segmentation is a very important and challenging task that is needed for the purpose of diagnosing brain tumors and other neurological diseases. Brain tumors have different characteristics such as size, shape, location, and image intensities. They may deform neighbouring structures and if there is edema with the tumor, intensity properties of the nearby region change [1]. In adults, the most common and cancer-causing tumor type is glial tumors that have a high mortality rate. They occur in the glial cells of the brain and show a rapid growth by extending into the healthy brain tissues. Image segmentation is the separation of an image into segments called classes or subsets, according to one or more characteristics or features, and enhancing

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations are presumably congenital vascular malformations that may present clinically with a variety of symptoms, including hemorrhage, seizures, headaches, progressive neurologic deficits, and intellectual deterioration. Hemodynamic alterations caused by the complex Angioarchitecture of CAVMs play a role in seizure manifestation [43]. Large CAVM size and high flow through the arterial feeding vessels of the CAVMs were related to seizure susceptibility on the basis of the assumption that the large Nidus creates a low-resistance vascular bed redirecting blood away from the surrounding brain tissue, thus creating local hypoxemia in the adjacent brain tissue, which, in turn, may trigger gliosis and seizure activity. This pathomechanism was referred to as “arterial steal.” Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (CAVM) are a common form of cerebral vascular malformation and are composed of a NIDUS of vessels through which arteriovenous shunting occur [44].

Based on the investigation on mammalian brain structure, it is believed that descent with modification was proven. The brain structure and texture of a polar bear, domestic dog (beagle) domestic guinea pig, western gorilla, two-toed sloth, platypus, one humped camel, florida manatee, 9 banded armadillo and west European hedgehog. While these brain were all different, they all had some connecting structure of texture.

Medical image processing is the demanding task and emerging field. Medical imaging procedure will view the images that are present in internal portions of the human body for medical analysis. Automatic Brain tumor segmentation is a perceptive stage in medical field. In the MR images, the tumor part can be seen clearly by the accurate size and the correct measurement for the treatment. A necrotic part can be differentiated from the surrounding tissue. The automatic image segmentation algorithm, which exploit the information obtain from deducting tumor in brain MRI. Segmentation algorithm that will segment brain MR images into tumor, white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid separately. In this paper, improved automatic image segmentation

In medicine, an early diagnosis can mean the difference between life and death. With today’s advancements in technology, early diagnosis is becoming a real possibility for many diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Worldwide it is estimated that 24 million people have dementia, the majority of these people are thought to have Alzheimer’s disease. (Mayo Clinic, 2014) According to Alzheimer’s Foundation of America (AFA) (2015) Alzheimer’s disease is among the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. Affecting 5.1 million Americans. Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging, but the risk of developing this disease increases with age.

In Charlie Rose segment about Visual Perception they discussed 4 main topics. The first topic was about the brain. According to the video the brain devotes about 25 percent of its duties to vision. Many people believe that when seeing things it’s just your vision working but in reality the brain is what perceives the images. With that being said the brain is the creative organ that makes sense out of what the eye sees. The second topic was about the eye. According to the video the eye takes incomplete information from the external world and doesn’t fully grasp the information being presented. Although the eye doesn’t completely perceive things the different parts make it possible for the brain to perceive it. For instance, the cortex helps the brain respond to whether a object is horizontal or vertical.

Voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) is a whole-brain, unbiased technique for characterizing regional cerebral volume and tissue concentration differences in structural magnetic resonance images. We describe an optimized method of VBM to examine the effects of age on grey and white matter and CSF in 465 normal adults. Global grey matter volume decreased linearly with age, with a significantly steeper decline in males. Local areas of accelerated loss were observed bilaterally in the insula, superior parietal gyri, central sulci, and cingulate sulci. Areas exhibiting little or no age effect (relative preservation) were noted in the amygdala, hippocampi, and entorhinal cortex. Global white matter did not decline with age, but local areas of relative

We started out by picking our worms out of their original containers then transferring them to a petri dish, then pouring in enough spring water via a pipette to sustain the worm, without providing too much as it could potentially escape. The water was necessary otherwise, the worm would dry up and die. We then took a small razor blade and made our initial incisions, having the option to cut once or cut up to three times. I chose to cut my planarian only once, without the assistance of a microscope and I used a small ruler before making my initial cut and then shortly after.

To answer the question of myself be willing to volunteer for testing through a brain examination method, it mostly depends on what type of methods would be performed. For example, if the brain examination method is approved by a certified medical practice(s) and/or by the Food Drug Administration (FDA), I am more likely to participate. However, if a certified medical practice and/or FDA do not approve the brain examination method, I am not willing to participate. Moreover, if the implementers of brain examination method offer a satisfying amount of money for me to volunteer, I still would be somewhat skeptical and concerning questions- Due to preferring life over financial gifts.

Many studies focus on the statistical analysis of volume measurements of the hippocampus as for example for the study of Alzheimer’s disease [6]. But such studies do not capture the shape complexity of the structures observed in MRI. Analyzing shapes of structures can provide a better understanding of the anatomical variability of the brain, which is a very challenging problem since healthy brains have a high variability, and it is important to understand the mechanisms, the morphological changes and the impacts of diseases.