Automatic Frequency Planning & Optimization

A Graphical Information System “is a decision support system designed specifically to analyze spatial information.” (Haag, Cummings. P.166) The graphical data demonstrated by the GIS is used to analyze roads, sewer systems, paths of hurricanes, free ways, traffic, or any graphical data that can be statistically represented.

Here the authors try to describe the use of GIS software for location site analysis. They are trying to tell that one can feed multiple layers of information in the GIS software laid on top of each other and then all this information can be analyzed together. Every layer can contain some data like rent, cost of labor, geographic information etc.

As 3G technologies are broader in use when compared to 4G are in limit [2]. The major difference between two is in the existence of yielding technologies. Many technologies EV-DO, HSPA and WCDMA these drop under 3G network. Whereas, many mobile phone companies are intelligent to dup their technologies as 4G; such as WiMax, LTE, and UMB. But, none of these technologies gives detailed description set forth by the 4G network standard, so they are often mentioned as Pre-4G or 3.9G. Here, are the some important points which are compared between two efficient technologies.

In networking technology, wireless is the term used to describe any network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network by radio waves or micro waves to maintain communications. The evolution of technology specially in mobile technology is the most and fast developing, that era starts from 1G in 1980s and it is replaced by a continuous emerging of next generations. To compensate the drawbacks of each previous generation next generation with lot of new applications is introduced. Now it is fourth generation that is 4G, beyond 4G now researches are going on about 5G and it will come into existence by 2020s. In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. A detailed survey is included regarding all wireless generations especially concentrated on 5G by research groups and

One important uses of backbone networks, which can be seen in the diagram below, is the ability of the system to extend the wireless access beyond the limited range of an individual access point. Multiple access points are distributed over a large area to provide a wider range of coverage. This method also improves the speed and computer performance for individual users. (Englander, 200, page 407)

The cellular technology has developed a long way from its existence in the early 1980’s. In the past few decades it has grown into one of the biggest market with the rise of cell phone users, the cellular network providers and cell phone makers have grown in immense amount. Cellular technologies have evolved from first generation (1G), second generation (2G), third generation (3G) and to its current technology which is fourth generation (4G) which is also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE).

In many countries, the frequency range 57-66 GHz is split into a number of discrete bands with differing requirements and conditions of use and/or licensing. From a global point of view, the use of this spectrum by Fixed Services (FS) is being addressed by the ITU- R in its draft report on Fixed Service use trends in WP5C, which is currently under development. In 2001, the federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated 7 GHz in the 57-64 GHz for unlicensed use. The allotted spectra in different countries are shown in the figure.

The purpose of the paper is to focus on the development of wireless mobile telecommunication. Firstly, cellular

Several solutions are available to increase the system capacity: frequency reuse by reducing the cell size, dynamic resource allocation, slow frequency hopping, hierarchical cells etc. The transmission link performance is a key property of a wireless communication system as it determines the coverage of the system. An improvement of the transmission link performance provides a cost-effective way of increasing capacity by allowing reuse of tighter channel. A method of improving the transmission link performance of a wireless communication system is discussed here. These needs are satisfied by arranging a huge number of small radio ports to the existing cellular system. Spot coverage is provided for those areas which are hard or impossible to cover with the outdoor cells. The radio-ports transmit with very low power for a small coverage area and keeping the generated interference low. The reuse of traffic channels between the small areas covered by the radio-ports can possibly be very frequent

Every day the wireless communication is getting more advanced comparing to what is was yesterday. Every generation of mobile communication get advanced with a higher speed, frequency band, better connectivity, security and high data rates in transmission. For all these reasons, it’s clear how the 4G is success more than the 3G networks, and the same thing will happen to the 4G after lunching the 5G in the near future. In this paper, I will try to describe the 4G networks and 5G networks in contest of future of mobile communications. What are their drawbacks and what are the main differences between these different generations along with the issues that make the new network take over that network.

III. Objectives In our proposed cell breathing technique, the mobile switching centre (MSC) performs the pre-calculation as outlined: Before assigning a call to the base station or access point (AP) of a cell, the MSC will check if the capacity of the cell is exceeded, i.e if it is getting overloaded. In case of overloading, the received power of the client (to whom the call is directed) decreases below the threshold. As such, the MSC searches which neighboring AP transmits optimum power to this client and has free load i.e. its current load is less than its maximum capacity. Once such an AP is found, its coverage area is expanded to serve the client of the neighboring AP and MSC assigns the client to this new AP. Thus the overloading call is not dropped and the grade of service is improved. Unlike previous works on cell breathing, where the radius of the

A cellular network is a wireless network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one base station/antenna known as a cell site. In this network each cell uses a different set of frequency so that no neighbor cell can interrupt other’s signal.

A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called “cells”. Each cell is served by one fixed-location transceiver, which is called a “base station”. When cells are joined together, they provide wireless coverage over a large geographic area, within which mobile stations or phones can communicate with base stations and each other. Overlapping coverage areas allows transmission to be maintained even when mobile stations are moving between cells. Assigning a different set of frequencies to neighboring cells avoids wireless signal interference.

CE1.13 I used the Raster image option in Mapinfo for generating detailed topographical features and calculating the geographical distances and areas. I developed a two stage process for the creation of raster image. First, I initialized the vector coordinate values of the new location site obtained from the GPS receiver from the database Mapinfo software. Second step was the integration of the scanned aerial photographs obtained from Google Earth and paper map of the site location provided by the surveying agency, Survey of India. I added the coordinate values manually in the MapInfo table tool box, as there were some areas where GPS signal was unavailable.

A typical cellular network can be envisioned as a mesh of hexagonal cells, each with its own base station at the center. The cells slightly overlap at the edges to ensure that users always will remain within range of a base station.