Autonomic Dysreflexia

Nerves from each segment of the spinal cord connect to specific regions of the body. The cervical region or neck are referred to as C1 through C8; they control signals to the neck, arms, and hands. The segments in thoracic or upper back region T1 through T12 relay signals to the torso and some parts of the arms. The segments in the upper lumbar or mid-back region just below the ribs, L1 through L5, control signals to the hips and legs. Last, the sacral segments S1 through S5 lie just below the lumbar segments in the mid-back and control signals to the groin, toes, and some parts of the legs. The effects of spinal cord injury at different segments reflect this organization.(SC-Basic Anatomy of Spine-http://www.goes.com/billr/html/_anatomy_of_a_spinal_cord.html)

This occurred because Allen’s spinal cord has decreased perfusion due to damage, and a broken vertebral bone. Also, there has been a disruptions of the sympathetic fibers of his autonomic nervous system therefore it can no longer stimulate the heart. Allen likely has spinal shock.

Jason Hendrix is a young 21 year old male, who was injured in a one vehicle motorcycle accident. On the scene of the accident he was found conscious and complaining of lower back pain. Emergency Personnel recognized it as a series spinal injury. The spinal cord allows neural pathways to and from the brain. The spinal cord is very delicate, therefore it is covered in meninges for protection. It contains many different aspects in order to function. The spinal cord has 4 different regions including the cervical spine, the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine and the sacral. With that said, Spinal reflex is produced by a single synapse between sensory axons and motor neurons. If the spinal cord endures any type of injury this is compromised. Any type

After researching about paraplegic and quadriplegic, it has been determined how they occur and in what parts of the body they affect. According to John Hopkins Medical, if a person suffers with paraplegic or quadriplegic, it is caused by damage to the spinal cord. To determine whether a person has a spinal injury, doctors will use clinical signs to help determine the severity of the injury. When the spinal cord has been injured, the patient might feel pain, and some disorders; such as motor or sensory. When this occurs, it allows the doctor to determine the cause of the injury, however; most spinal injuries are caused by traumatic accidents. The two

Dyslexia is the term used to describe a cognitive disability in learning that affects reading, writing and communication despite an average level of intelligence and an equal access to education. (Le Jan et al., 2010). Dyslexia is commonly used as a blanket term that covers many smaller forms of cognitive impairment including surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia, hyperlexia, letter identification dyslexia and letter position dyslexia. Most dyslexics suffer from multiple forms of these specific dyslexias and cases of pure developmental dyslexia are quite rare. (Castles, Bates, & Coltheart, 2006).

Five criteria must be met which includes authority, information, objectivity, ease of navigation and privacy and security policies. The website used for my research was www.christopherreeve.org. The website met the five criteria. Authority was displayed in several ways. The author, Judith Lubinsky is qualified as an expert in the spinal cord injury field. Judith is responsible for web production and social media for the website. The contact information and credentials for the author was clearly stated. Information is updated daily to keep readers informed of any changes. The information posted is accurate and appropriate for the intended audience. The author provides an unbiased comprehensive review of spinal cord injuries and management. The sponsor for the website is The Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation. The source of funding does not have an impact on the information provided. The website provides easy navigation with reliable information, treatment options, clinical trials and ways to get involved. The website provided clear privacy and security

According to the article “A New Perspective Dyslexia” the author informs us about information that teachers and parents, who be stuck in the myths of dyslexia. This article will give you information that will might save our world’s next great inventor, engineer, or scientist. It starts by explaining on how this article will surprise you by learning that you, or someone you might know is dealing with this disorder and also to inform us news that we can share with others about it. It informs us that dyslexia is not news because we know what is, what to look for it in a person, and how we can help people with this disorder. it make us guess what this disorder this is by telling us some hints like how it is not rare, and how it affects about five

Throughout my medical school, Neurological sciences have intrigued me most. First time I saw a human brain in gross anatomy I felt so thrilled. Being able to look n learn about one of the most complex humans organ was just exhilarating. I used to spend hours in the college library reading about neuroscience and other beginner’s concepts. During my medical school rotations, I was exposed to a wide range of neurological conditions. Being involved in care of such patients brought me a great sense of satisfaction. One such case that I vividly remember is Mrs T suffering from acute stroke. When I first saw her, she was lying on the bed, one half of her body paralyzed. I read his casefile and learned more about the patient. She was a successful lawyer, and overnight her life had changed following the stroke. But under the care of my amazing attending, within few months following the treatments and extensive physical therapy she regained 60% of her functioning and was expected to improve even more over course of time. This whole experience of her reclaiming her day to day life was an incredibly satisfying

Although the physiology and function is somewhat different in rodents and human spinal cords there are many biological functions that are conserved in vertebrate animals (2). In many spinal cord injuries, rat models are employed to study cell death, inflammation, and regeneration (2). In surgical modeling, recapitulating the physiology is important to insure surgical techniques can be employed across species. Non-human primates contain spinal cords that are more like humans due to closer evolutionary distance (3). Using both model organisms can help to answer questions on the cellular level as well as the macroscopic concept of

Spinal cord injuries are characterized by two distinct injury phases. The primary injury phase is represented by all the tissue directly damaged at the time of injury. The damage seen in this phase is primarily shearing of cells, destruction of local vasculature, and severe disruption of spinal cord function. The secondary injury phase is characterized by inflammation of the injury site, immune-mediated tissue destruction, and edema formation at the lesion site. The nature of spinal cord injuries makes the damage done by the primary injury irreversible. The majority of therapeutic research is done with the intention of lessening the damage done during the secondary injury phase. One major complication faced by researchers trying to control the secondary injury phase is the localized destruction of vasculature. Without a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, many of the cells in the spinal cord will begin to die rapidly, oftentimes releasing biological signals that encourage other cells to die as well. The uncontrolled movement of fluid into the lesion site causes the tissue to swell, further complicating the processes of rebuilding vasculature. The movement of immune

Summary: At the Mayo Clinic, researchers are doing an electrical stimulation on the spinal cord to help a patient whose legs are paralyzed. The electrical stimulation and intense physical therapy are what the researchers believe will help the patient stand again after three years of being paralyzed. Jered Chinnock is the patient and he injured his spinal cord at the sixth thoracic vertebrae. He could not move or feel anything lower than the middle of his back. Chinnock went through 22 weeks of therapy with three training sessions per week. This was to help him prepare his muscles to move again, so that they will be strong enough to handle the physical task of the spinal cord stimulation. After the 22-weeks therapy, it was time for the team

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome is a condition that is rarely recognized by medical professionals. At the moment, no cure has been found for this condition only medication to control the symptoms. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome is an autonomic dysfunction that presents with symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, such as fatigue, dizziness, headaches, nausea, palpitations, presyncope and syncope, which are generally relieved by lying down (Busmer 16).Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome has remarkable effect on a person’s life, the symptoms or limitations of daily activity can vary from something mild to something severe. This condition can have a widespread effect of the body systems. For instance Postural Orthostatic

The pain process starts out with a stimulus which activates somatosensory axons from the skin, muscles, or internal organs to enter the nervous system via spinal nerves. Axons that convey sharp localized information, like fine touch, ascend through the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, referred to as the fast pathway, to the nuclei in the lower medulla (3). From the medulla, the axons cross the brain and ascend through the medial lemniscus to the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus, the somatosensation receiver (bodily sensation). Axons from the thalamus project to the primary somatosensory cortex which are then relayed to the secondary somatosensory cortex. Conversely, axons that convey less localized information, like pain or temperature, ascend through the spinothalamic tract, the slow pathway, and terminate in the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (3),(9). The end site for both of these pathways is in the somatosensory cortex.

When we touch a hot stove, it is detected by our sensory receptors and it sends a nerve impulse to our spinal cord via nerve fibres. When there is tissue damage, pain receptors are activated. Once a signal reaches the spinal cord, neurotransmitters are released. From the spinal cord, the signals go the brain and then the thalamus. It is then sent to the somatosensory cortex.

One of my primary focuses was to find out how different literatures dealt with Dyslexia and how best to support the child. Dyslexia can be described from a number of different perspectives as we see in Ball et al (2007) who explain that it can be “how one learns (Cognition), what parts of the brain are involved (neurology), what genes are involved (genetics) and behaviour (p14). Their book entitled ‘Dyslexia: An Irish perspective’ is very relevant to my research as it gives a great insight into the history of the special education sector in Ireland. It also looks into some of the key debates that are facing the educational sector today.