Autonomy And Doubt Analysis

During this stage, this is where my family structure became different from what the first seven years of my life consisted of. There was a transition from me being the only child in my family.

Now throughout my life, being the oldest son, and brother I have always felt that I needed to set the example for the rest of my family. I’ve felt that I needed to be the pillar of strength to carry my family, my parents always made me believe that if I was strong then everyone else around me would benefit. Emotionally as a child I felt shut off from the world because I would be struck/scowled for crying, or even if I’d show the slightest bit of what my parent’s called “overconfidence”, which is basically any type of trying to feel good about my accomplishments in any form. But of course I was always expected to perform at the peak and be above everyone. For this type of upbringing I was “isolated” from the rest of my peers, emotionally detached, and felt as if I was an unwanted enigma. As it says in “Mirrorings” on page 729, “I felt that I was the only one walking about in the world who understood what was really important.”

I would say that I came out of this stage successfully because I am not in fear of the world. My parents took care of all of my needs as I was a baby, they made sure I had food, clothes, love and everything that a baby needs, so now I feel that I can trust people, and that there is no need for me to fear the world or the people around me.

And we feel that, because of the impact on the woman, this … is a matter which is of such fundamental and basic concern to the woman involved that she should be allowed to make the choice as to whether to continue or to terminate her pregnancy” (Weddington). This quote was taken from the legal trials of Roe VS. Wade from the attorney Mrs.Weddington. This quote is saying women have the right to choose what happens to their bodies. They have self autonomy. Self autonomy is defined as the right or condition of self-government. This means that if someone has self autonomy, they themselves are the governing force to what happens to them physically and mentally. It is the belief that only you are in control of yourself. Self autonomy is a largely shared belief in American culture. The right to body autonomy is protected under the United States constitution. If a patient is dying of an illness and would be able to live if they received a treatment, the patient still has the right to refuse that treatment. If a person is raped, the law holds it as invasion as body autonomy and the offender will be prosecuted criminally. Even the dead have body autonomy. A body, though being full of organs that can be used to save lives, will not be touched unless the person had granted consent before they passed.

Stage 2: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. The child develops a sense of autonomy and learns to hold on and let go of things and emotions. If a child is not encouraged to share his or her emotions, toys, food, the child does not learn to trust others. Trust is manifested in getting the toys back and maybe tasting someone else’s food, receiving and giving affection from others. Therefore it is important to foster trust in children at this stage. (Page 158)

-Parents trying to introduce toilet training to toddler before 18 months of age (Edelman & Mandle, p. 461, 2010).

By now the school-aged child should have complete control of both bowel and bladder. They now can undress, wipe, flush, dress, and wash hands,

As a child, I was quiet and withdrawn. I taught myself to read when I was three, and spent most of my time reading instead of playing with other children. I understood very early that I was different from others at school. I didn’t have to pay for lunch, something I found (and to be honest, still find) completely mortifying. My father was almost never home, always trucking all over the country in an effort to keep our family afloat. When other kids talked about their dads in school, I often found myself feeling jealous. I, too, wanted a dad who could teach me how to ride a bike or throw a ball. I also understood that it was impossible for me to have that, because my father worked around the clock to keep my family from going hungry. I realized that in order to achieve the things that I wanted to, i would have to take the initiative and do it myself. I borrowed my sister’s bike (although it was much too tall for me to use comfortably), and I practiced riding it until i knew i was better at it than any other 7 year

For patients who have chronic diseases and conditions their autonomy is questionable. Autonomy has two key features first, an autonomous action is done after deliberation or reflection which has been determined after information gathering and priority setting (Ackerman, 1982, p.3). Second, people intentionally and voluntarily make choices based off of their life plans (Ackerman, 1982, p.3). Then along comes four constraints which can hinder individuals autonomy. First, there is physical constraints such as individuals living in abject poverty who have so little to deliberate adequately or act on life plans. Second, cognitive constraints comes from an individuals lack of knowledge and their inability to understand information, such as people

In my youth, I was like every other child, completely oblivious to the world round me and the hatred it contained. I was a happy little girl who was a little to clingy to her mother, all though that didn’t last long. I have no memory of my dad between the ages 2-4 considering he was never home. I had quite an imagination so I was always daydreaming which gives me trouble today considering I can’t remember what of my early childhood was real. My parents split when I was two so I don’t have much of a concept of how my parents’ relationship was, although now I’ve come to know that it wasn’t at all good.

Erik Erikson founded the psychosocial stages of development in which he believed there were 8 stages. Erikson felt that the Industry vs. Inferiority stage (5-12) was a critical time for elementary age children, as this was time to gain recognition from teachers and peers. During this stage, children are encouraged to try new things and are acknowledged for their accomplishments; resulting in increased self-confidence. My parents did their best to raise my brother and me, but due to circumstances with my dad’s work, we moved around a lot. This meant I was always the “new kid” in school. When I was eight years old, my parents decided to homeschool my brother and me, which resulted in us not benefiting from the social interaction with teachers and peers. I think this may be a reason that both my brother and I were not able to master this stage leading to feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem.

Toilet learning usually is initiated in early childhood, which in itself can be a challenging period. At this time, kids are becoming independent and parents are trying to balance helping the kid with allowing independence. With encouragement, kids can give parents clues about their toilet readiness.

The issue concerning the patient, Jimmy relates to the idea of autonomy and beneficence. Autonomy means that all individuals are given the ability to make their own choices and to develop their own lives (Morrison & Furlong, 2013). Although, according to US law it is required to have informed consent before any invasive procedures. It is also important to know that there are a few exceptions. The term beneficence means “to do well.” It is the practice of doing the right and beneficial thing (Morrison & Furlong, 2013). Although Jimmy was unconscious, it was discussed amongst other physicians to amputate his arm due to any further health issues.

Parents are primarily responsible for satisfying this stage of development in their child. It is imperative parents are attentive to their infant's needs so trust can be developed.

There are four commonly accepted principles of bioethics. The first is the principle of respect for autonomy. Respect for autonomy is a respect for the client to make informed and intentional decisions, provided that the client is judged to be capable of doing so. This principle is the base for the practice of informed consent as well as the right to accept or refuse treatment. The client is to be able to make a rational, informed decision, without any external factors influencing any decisions. This principle may cause what the health care professional perceives to be harm, but to the client, like a muslim client refusing to have a xenotransplantation from a pig, accepting the treatment would cause him to suffer