Autoregulation Research Paper

Glaucoma is a condition that affects the eyes by causing damage to the optic nerve within the eye and it can worsen over time. It’s generally associated with an increase in pressure inside of the eye. More often than not it’s inherited and may not reveal itself until much later in life. The increase in pressure is known as intraocular pressure and can damage the optic nerve that’s responsible for transmitting images to your brain. Sadly, if you fail to recognise that you’re suffering from glaucoma and neglect to have it treated, then the damage to the optic nerve from high pressure can become permanent resulting in permanent vision loss. Without treatment, glaucoma can and will result in total and irreversible blindness within a

Glaucoma occurs when there is an increase of intraocular pressure or IOP; IOP is the pressure of the fluid within the eye that builds up behind the eye (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). If the retinal ganglion cells degenerate, the visual field will decrease as well as the optic nerve will atrophy causing a distinctive clinical appearance (Gemenetzi, Yang, & Lotery, 2012). There are several types of glaucoma but the main two types of glaucoma; open-angle and

Glaucoma is several eye conditions that can damage to your optic nerve. Increased pressure in the eye can cause glaucoma, which leads to vision loss or blindness (Healthline). There are five different types of glaucoma, which are open-angle (chronic) glaucoma, angle-closure (acute) glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and normal-tension glaucoma (Healthline). Open-angle (chronic) glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma, and there are no signs or symptoms expect gradual vision loss (Healthline). People that over sixty years old are at risk for glaucoma, and African Americans risk starts at forty years old. There is no cure for glaucoma, but surgeries and medicine can help

This article discussed the eye disease, Glaucoma. There are two types of Glaucoma; open-angle and closed-angle. Open-angle Glaucoma there are no visual abnormalities, but there is a mechanical obstruction interfering with the drainage pathway. While closed-angle Glaucoma is a physical obstruction. Signs and symptoms of Glaucoma are; headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, halo vision, and eye pain. Glaucoma progresses slowly and is asymptomatic at first. As the disease progresses symptoms appear, if symptoms are present then there is already irreversible damage to the eye. There is no cure for Glaucoma, treatment is aimed at slowing the progression of the disease. Diagnostic tests done to detect Glaucoma are; measuring IOP, evaluation of

Laser treatments can be considered an intermediate step between drug therapy and surgery for patients with glaucoma. Glaucoma is an eye disease which causes damage to the optic nerve fibers and consequently can lead to progressive vision loss or blindness if left untreated. The ciliary body in the human eye is constantly making aqueous humor providing sustenance to surrounding tissues and in order to maintain a healthy balance of this fluid it must leave the eye through the meshwork drainage system along the periphery of the iris. However, if too much aqueous humor is being produced or if the drainage system is not working properly, intraocular pressure builds, in turn causing optic nerve fibre damage and deterioration of vision. The main treatment for glaucoma is topical eye drops, but when a patient is on maximum eye

Glaucoma is an eye disease which causes damage to the optic nerve damage. Consequently this damage can lead to progressive vision loss or blindness if left untreated. The human eye is constantly making aqueous humor which provides sustenance to surrounding tissues. Maintaining a fluid balance requires the fluid leaving the eye through the drainage system which is a meshwork along the outside edge of the iris. However, if too much fluid is being produced or if the drainage system is not working properly, intraocular pressure builds and in turn causes the optic nerve damage and the deterioration of vision. Most people do not realize they have glaucoma until they are diagnosed and already have peripheral field of vision loss. The main treatment for glaucoma is topical eye drops but when a patient is on maximum eye drops and intraocular pressure is not controlled or if they have many

Retinal vascular imaging is useful in detecting Microvasular abnormalities. It shows several predictors of diseases and potential for understanding other markers that might fit into what happens when we age, develop a disease or health issue. Retinal and cerebral microvasculature have common physiological properties. They are highly similar metabolic active tissues, and are homologous in structure. There are at least two viewing forms for retinal vasculature 2D and 3D . 2D being more flat while 3D shows outlines, fuller imager quality and in-depth structures of the retina. Retinal imaging has been helpful in several diagnoses of health such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and the effects of aging. Outlook for retinal vascular imaging looks good as it is being applied to new ideas and concepts.

Glaucoma is the disease that causes optic nerve damage and eventually loss of vision. Most people do not realise they have glaucoma until they are diagnosed and already have some decreased field of vision. Depending on what type of glaucoma the diagnosis is there are some laser treatments that can be done to help lower the pressure in the eye. Ophthalmologist will decide if a laser treatment is appropriate for the patient on its own or alongside topical therapy. Lasers are a high concentration beam of light that helps open up the trabecular meshwork in order to release the pressure in your eye. The types of lasers are Select Laser Trabeculoplasty, Laser Peripheral Irdotomy, YAG Laser Cyclophotocoagulation

Diabetic retinopathy cause change in retina such as changes in blood vessel diameter, hemorrhages (tiny spots of blood that leak into the retina), macular edema(swelling or thickening of the macula caused by fluid leaking from the retina's blood vessels) and new vessel growth. Diabetic retinopathy can be classified according to presence or non-presence of abnormal neovascularization as nonproliferative (NPDR) and proliferative(PDR). NPDR is the early stage of disease which it causes shrinking and sweelling of the blood vessels and changing the diameter. This random change in diameter affects blood flow to the retina. This variance of blood flow can also affect other areas of the eye - some areas do not get enough blood while other areas

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease that can cause damage to many end organs, including the eye if it is not controlled.1 Diabetic macular edema is one of the many complications that can occur from Diabetes Mellitus. It defined as swelling or thickening of the eye’s macula, which results from blood vessels in the retina leaking fluids.2 The retina and macula work together to allow for sharp central vision.1 When individuals with Diabetes Mellitus have poorly controlled hyperglycemia, the blood vessels in the eye are weakened and can leak fluid.1 As a result, fluid is able to permeate into the retina and macula making these areas swell, which ultimately results in loss of vision.1 A consequence of diabetic macular edema involves the activation

“Ocular hypertension is a condition where the intra-ocular pressure is above normal range of ten through twenty-one millimeters Hg. Topical and oral corticosteroids may also increase intra-ocular pressure, particularly in those patients with genetic predispositions to glaucoma. Thorough medical history is needed to make appropriate decisions for treating glaucoma (Lee and Higginbotham 692).

The pathogenesis of glaucoma is not fully understood, however, the level of intraocular pressure is being related with the retinal ganglion cell death. The balance between the secretion of aqueous humor by the ciliary body and its drainage through 2 independent pathways: i. the trabecular meshwork; and ii. uveoscleral outflow pathway, determines the intraocular pressure. In patients with open angle glaucoma, there is increased resistance to aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork. In contrast, the access to the drainage pathways is obstructed typically by the iris in patients with angle closure

In the normal eye, the aqueous humor is the fluid circulation within and that also flows out via a drainage canal. When the outward flow is inhibited, there is a buildup of ocular pressure inside that causes damage, and this is called glaucoma. This condition can be traumatic for the patient as it has no cure. There are two categories that will be discussed in this paper and they are open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma (The glaucoma you may be missing, 2013).

In relation to the patient’s scenario, glaucoma may be related to their corneal thickness due to the fact that corneal thickness is important because it can mask an accurate reading of eye pressure, causing doctors to treat you for a condition that may not really exist or to treat you unnecessarily when are normal. Actual IOP may be underestimated in patients with thinner corneal thickness, and overestimated in patients with thicker corneal thickness. [12]. Having normal corneal thickness and abnormal C/D ratios would still alter the patient’s vision. The C/D ratio is the cup to disc ratio of the optic nerve head, which is noted vertically and horizontally. The normal range for a white male is mentioned to be roughly 0.35/0.35 with variation

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) tend to be a major complication in patient with diabetes mellitus (DM) that can lead to blindness. Recent studies reported that damage to BRB at the retinal pigment epithelium has additionally been proposed as a mechanism for the development of diffuse edema .The breakdown of the inner BRB results in accumulation of fluid within the extracellular space. Subsequent increases in retinal thickness are relevant quantitative parameters for BRB damage [1,2] . Histological studies of neural component of the retina have revealed that diabetes induced biochemical changes that affect neural cells [3,4] ,others [5] approved that neuronal damage precede vascular abnormalities especially early stage of diabetic retinopathy . Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), is a solid imaging technology that can generate micrometer resolution cross-sectional imaging of the ocular structures, and provide a quantitative measurement of alterations in retinal thickness with good reproducibility [6]. Here, the study was conducted to compare the differences of the OCT findings between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and the thicknesses of the macula and RNFL.