Avian Bornavirus Research Paper

It started in central Asia, 1338 awakened by a drought, slowly makings its way to Europe. It finally hit Europe in 1345, 8 years later from the awakening, it first affected Crimea when a trade was being done with the merchant's Italian sailors and Mongolian's but it got out of hand until the point where the Italians were held up in a castle with nowhere to run for a year. The Mongolians soldier finally backed off but when their men starting dropping dead they had the idea to throw the infected dead bodies over the castle wall and into the castle, it was the first bioweapon created. Some of the Italian sailors managed to get away but they ended up carrying the mysterious death with going from town to town but no one would let them stop as infected rats had hidden within the cargo. But it was too late, in 1347, Sicily, the sailors docked but they were forced to move on, the brief encounter, however, allowed the infected rats to climb ashore and start spreading the disease. Soon it spread throughout trade routes such as the silk trade route which

The second part of this life cycle involves a non-human, vertebrate host. Frequently these cycles occur undetected until the virus escapes this cycle and infects a species that does not have an immunity to the pathogen. In the case of West Nile, birds often act as the reservoir vertebrate host. Although brids, particularity crows

The origin of disease is a relatively easy idea to understand. Human beings on the planet went through a transition from nomadic, hunter-gatherers to the sedentary lifestyle by utilizing agriculture. This brought relatively small bands of people together into villages, which eventually became towns and cities. In Europe, the people not only used agriculture to feed their growing population, they also domesticated animals for a food source. As the population grew, the size of the herds of animals needed to feed the people grew as well. All animals carry disease and parasites, both in the wild and when they are domesticated. However, domesticated animals proved to be a breeding ground for disease. These domesticated animals were in close contact with the growing population of Europeans and it was not long before the disease was transferred to humans. The microbe, virus, or parasite only had to adapt to living in a human host. The process was relatively quick, and thus the epidemic disease was born in Europe. This was not true for

Birds are the main start of the Virus. They pass it on the the mosquitoes, so the birds are not directly giving the virus to anyone but the mosquitoes (Indiana). The most common way to get The West Nile virus is by mosquitoes. They will bite the skin and the bite can either become infected or the mosquito could have the virus before it bit the person, causing them to be infected no matter what. It cannot be transmitted from person to person or animal to animal, or by handling and working with infected birds. Although it can be transmitted by blood transfusions, or by mother to baby during pregnancy, the virus may not get passed on without the bite of a mosquito

Smallpox is a highly contagious virus that has no known cure. Variola, is the name of the virus that caused one of the largest epidemics known to man. Smallpox killed nearly 500 million people in the 20th Century alone. Before Smallpox was eradicated it killed nearly 60% of all infected people. Smallpox has been coexisting with humans for thousands of years and has a very long history.

The virus is different from most because rather than being ball-shaped, it is a filovirus, or has tendrils like hair or worms that tangle together. They can also roll up into loops, a very unique trait. The other well-known filovirus is Ebola. Marburg kills one in four humans who receive medical treatment and is so dangerous that the international community immediately tries to identify the source. The best they can do is to hypothesize that it was a "hot" island in western Africa populated by sick monkeys that were trapped and sold in other countries. This is also a popular theory about the origin of HIV and AIDS. The viruses mutate enough to spread from monkeys to humans and can have a catastrophic effect.

Hendra virus (originally called "Equine morbillivirus" was discovered in September 1994 when it caused the deaths of thirteen horses, and a trainer at a training complex in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia.[12]

Wild aquatic fowl, ducks in particular, serve as a reservoir for the Influenza virus to transmit into poultry and then to humans. Infected birds shed flu viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces (CDC, 2004). The current virus seen in Asia is denoted as H5N1 and was first seen in terns in South Africa in 1961 (CDC, 2004). The first human seen infection of the avian H5N1 viruses was in 1997 in Hong Kong in a three- year old boy (Ruben, 2005). The outbreak involved 18 cases and killed 6, one third of the confirmed infected population (Rueben, 2005). In three days 1.5 million birds were killed in order to prevent further spread. A new pandemic is now on the horizon with recent outbreaks in poultry in the eight Asian countries of Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam since 2004 (CDC, 2005). As of July 5, 2005, there have been 108 reported human cases of the H5N1 virus with 54 deaths (CDC, 2004). In wake of a

Parvovirus B19 is a virus that commonly infects humans. The mode of transmission is through droplet infection. The infection also can be spread through contact, as well as transmitted from a woman to her fetus. The most common illness caused by B19 is the fifth disease, which is a mild, rash illness occurred mostly in children. About 20 percent of children with this disease has no symptoms. But, in others, early in the infection there may be cold like symptoms. Two to five days later the child typically develops a slapped cheek rash on the face and a lacy red rash on the trunk and limbs. The child may not feel very sick even though the rash is itchy. The rash disappears after seven to ten days, but it can come and go for several weeks, especially

Most people in their lifetime will get a cold. To get this cold they would need to get a virus and this virus is known as the Rhino virus. Common colds are infections of the nose, throat, and bronchial tubes. Because there is no vaccine for the Rhinovirus, the best way for protection is by regularly washing your hands, avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth and stay away from people who are infected (“Common Colds:Protect Yourself and Others”). There is no cure, but the immune response is a system that will kill the virus in a matter of weeks. The purpose of the immune system is to protect against disease (Rhinovirus) and harmful pathogens damaging the body (Zimmerman).

​The origin of the disease has been described at the end of the movie where we find out that a bat with a virus known as paramyxovirus that infects a pig. The pigs that are for human consumption were located near a forest that was being cut down. The pig in turn infects human beings of the earth through a chef. The agent which is very infectious is known as MEV-1 and its potential spread is estimated at 6-7 which suggests that the virus is highly transmissible from one person to the next. The virus has been compared to that of a smallpox virus with a mortality rate of up to 30%.

). In the current virus taxonomy NDV, or avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1), is classified with the other avian paramyxoviruses, in the genus Avulavirus, sub-family Paramyxovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales (Lamb et al., 2005). All APMVs, except avian metapneumovirus, are classified in the genus Avulavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae and are divided into nine serological types (APMV 1-9) (Nayak et al., 2008). In 2007 in survey A.I program the biological, serological, and genomic characterization of a paramyxovirus recently isolated from Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) suggested that this virus represented a new APMV group, APMV10. This penguin virus resembled other APMVs by electron microscopy but, its viral HA activity was not inhibited by antisera against any of the nine defined APMV serotypes.

The infected bird was a female mallard found in Lincoln County on January 23, 2015. The bird was then taken to the California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, where it tested positive for HPAI.

From the sequence scientists were able to determine that virus probably began its life in an animal then mutated before picking up the power to infect people.

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.