Axonal Nerve Injuries

Myelin, found only in vertebrate nervous systems, is a fatty substance that surrounds the axons and long dendrites of nerves in the brain and spinal cord tissue (4). By lowering the rate at which the axonal membrane absorbs nerve impulses, myelin acts as an insulator, allowing NS potentials to travel rapidly through the nervous system and maintain communication between the brain and the rest of the body (2). This communication between the brain and the rest of the CNS and peripheral nerves is a central

In the mix of the newly formed neural pathways are pathways that aren’t all accountable for pain transmission. These neurons sprout into the dorsal horn, an area that transfers nociceptive afferent inputs, causing central sensitization. Central sensitization is the expansion of neuronal fields and excitability in a certain region of the body. Different neurotransmitters like substance P, neurokinins, and tachykinins conciliate an increase of activity at receptors important for controlling synaptic plasticity, known as NMDA receptors. Following this is a change in firing patterns of central nociceptive neurons, known as the “windup affect.” According to Jenson Nikolajsen (2001), stump or phantom pain in human amputees can be evoked by monotonous stimulation at the location of the stump. The “windup phenomenon” may cause a decrease in the intersegmental inhibitory devices at the level of the spinal cord. This results in spinal disinhibition and nociceptive inputs extending to supra spinal areas. (Subedi & Grossberg, 2011, pg. 2). This may be another potential cause for phantom limb pain due to the absence of afferent involvement and deviations at the level of the spinal cord (Subedi & Grossberg, 2011, pg.

It is important to note that nerves in the CNS do not regenerate, while nerves in the PNS do regenerate. This is why when a person gets a cut; it completely heals in several days. But a person with spinal cord injury cannot completely heal because spinal cord does not contain neurilemma, a membrane that promotes regeneration of neurons. It was thought that the neurons would not regenerate once damaged. However, research has found that they do indeed have the ability to regenerate if scars do not obstruct the regenerative process. Scars are the result of astrocytes and

Neuropathy can affect the nerves that provide feeling or cause movement, if both are affected it is called sensorimotor. The nerve fibers also known as Axons (nerve cell) are the first to fail, and are the furthest from the spinal cord and brain. Neuropathy

The injuries of nervous system affect many people every year and is estimated that spinal cord injuries alone affect 10,000 each year. Nerve regeneration can be achieved by production of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. There are differences between the functional mechanisms of peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). PNS has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration while CNS usually is incapable of self-repair and regeneration. There is currently no treatment for recovering human nerve function after injury to the CNS. Although, PNS has self-regeneration capacity, much research still needs to be performed for optimizing the environment for maximum regrowth. Injury to PNS immediately elicits the migration of phagocytes, Schwann cells, and macrophages to the lesion site in order to clear away debris such as damaged tissue [56-60].

Evaluation of the prognosis of recovery of the nerve injury should be first established before management could be done conservatively or using a surgical approach.

With the toxin that is in Botox, botulinum, attach themselves to each nerve ending at the end of the axon creating a block. That is when the vesicles are activated and are ready to start exocytose; where the vesicles fuse to the cell membrane and prepare to releases the neurontransmitters, acetylcholine, into the synaptic clef. With the botulinum, they would attach to each nerve end acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter, which is responsible for triggering muscle contractions, cannot be released. Then a “series of proteins, vamp, syntaxin, and snap-25, are essential for the release of acetylcholine. Certain botulinum toxin attacks these proteins”

functions. The axon of a nerve cell is insulated via the process of myelination in which

Recently, Ehler et al in Czech Republic have reported mean normative value of ulnar nerve MNCSs for FDI and ADM above and below elbow among 227 healthy volunteers according to the recommendation of American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM).The results of their study showed that ulnar nerve MNCV recorded from FDI and ADM at forearm were 60.4(5.2) and 59.7(4.7)m/s, respectively .Reported ulnar nerve MNCV from FDI and ADM across the elbow were 57.1(5.9) and 56.5(5.7),respectively. Mean differences of MNCV at forearm –across the elbow recorded from FDI and ADM were 3.3(6.6) and 3.2(6.4),

The nerve did not likely have a complete laceration, but rather her post-surgical issues may have been a result of a stretching injury or adjacent soft tissue swelling which could resolve

Objective: Facial nerve injury is considered as the most frequent complication of parotid gland surgery due to close relation of the extra-temporal course of facial nerve and the parotid gland. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of anatomical location of parotid tumors in the incidence of post-operative facial nerve paresis with antegrade dissection technique. Methods: Patients with parotid tumors required surgical procedures were enrolled in the study. Preoperative evaluation of the tumor location within the parotid gland tumor was done using axial and coronal CT. Transient facial nerve dysfunction was investigated in relation to the following factors: patient age, tumor size, histopathological diagnosis, and the location

Nerve injury: is any damage to the nerve fiber either directly or indirectly, there is no single classification that can describe all the many different type of nerve injury. Most systems attempt to correlate the degree of injury with symptoms, pathology and prognosis.

Nerve damage causes a variety of troublesome symptoms, but it can be difficult to accurately diagnose. If nerve damage is suspected, your doctor may decide to conduct nerve studies to properly diagnose and treat your condition. The Initial Appointment If you are experiencing unexplained tingling, numbness, muscle weakness, pain, or other symptoms involving the peripheral nervous system, your doctor will need to gather information. First, the doctor will ask you about the frequency, severity, and duration of the symptoms, as well as anything else of relevance to get the overall picture of how this is affecting you. Depending on your answers, the doctor may decide the next step is to test for nerve damage. Testing for Nerve Damage A nerve conduction

In the Greek language, the word Glia means “glue”. Historically, these non-neural cells were known as the glue of the nervous system since they seemed to fill up the space between neurons. (The Human Brain, An introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 4th Edition- John Nolte). However, this is not completely true and despite the lack of any evidence that binding nerve cells together is among the many functions of glial cells, the name has

My cell that I am writing this report is onon is the nerve cell. Nerve cells areMy cell is found inside of animals in the skin of the being. Nerve cellsMy cell is are different from other cells in the fact that the layout of the cell is very asymmetrical. They also are very diverse and so my report in this one will be a generic nerve cell. In this cell there is several different specialized organellescells that serve a few different jobs. These organellescells are endosomes,Neurofilaments, axon, and nerve endings. The endosomes carries to the lysosomes. The next is (does not need capitalization) Peroxisomes. They oxidize certain material inside of the cell. After that it is the (does not need capitalization) Neurofilaments. They fix up the structure of the cells and keep it together. The function of (do not use personal pronouns) my cell is to tell the body about pain or what the being is touching with (do not use personal pronouns) his cells. (do not use personal pronouns) My cell works with other cells because it tells the body when it is in