BIOCHEM Task Essay

The reaction for this process is: C6H12 O6 → 2C2H5 OH + 2CO2 + ATP This process also uses the glycolysis stage of respiration, however it can not use the Krebs cycle or electron transport as oxygen is required. Therefore without oxygen it allows cells to make small amounts of ATP.

Enzymes are biological catalysts, which speed up the rate of reaction without being used up during the reaction, which take place in living organisms. They do this by lowering the activation energy. The activation energy is the energy needed to start the reaction.

ATP is the main energy molecule in cells and has a unique function as an energy transferor. This molecule contains nitrogenous base adenine connected to three molecules of phosphorus. The last 2 phosphates are high energy bonds. When ATP releases the terminal phosphate, energy is released while forming a new compound ADP. ADP can be remade with another phosphate to form ATP again

Enzymes are biological catalysts, which accelerate the speed of chemical reactions in the body without being used up or changed in the process. Animals and plants contain enzymes which help break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins into smaller molecules the cells can use to get energy and carry out the processes that allow the plant or animal to survive. Without enzymes, most physiological processes would not take place. Hundreds of different types of enzymes are present in plant and animal cells and each is very specific in its function.

enable the substrate to bind to the enzyme and form the enzyme substrate complex and

Fructose was considered to be beneficial to diabetics because it is absorbed only forty percent

This conversion allows for glycolysis to continue in the first stage of glycolysis. In this step, an ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate to supply the energy for this change (exergonic reaction). On the other hand, when citrate or ATP levels are high, it binds to PFK-1 and inhibits it, which hinders the conversion of Fructose 6-phsophate to Fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This in turn slows down the progression of steps in glycolysis due to the lack of Fructose 1,6-biphosphate being present.

“Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions” [1], “that speed up or slow down reactions”[2], “indispensable to maintenance and activity of life”[1]. They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. An active site is “a region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs”[2].

a. extra fructose in the liver gets turned into fat which gets wedged in the

Hereditary fructose intolerance is an inborne error of fructose metabolism caused by missing an enzyme called adolase B.

Enzymes are central to every biochemical process. Due to their high specificity they are capable of catalyzing hundreds of reactions that signifies their vast practical importance.

Aldolase B is classified as a Lyase, or an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various bonds means other than hydrolysis and oxidation. Lyase often forms a double bond or a new ring structure. Fructose Intolerance is caused by mutations in the aldolase B gene which is expressed in the liver (Malay, Allen, and Tolan). Its molecular compound is shown in Figure 2 and has two active site residues, Lysine and Glutamate, as well as several charged residues. The functional assignment is complex because of the proximity of the many charged amino acids found at the active site. Figure 3 shows where the substitution of Proline for Alanine occur at position 149 (Malay, Allen, and Tolan). The A149P substitution is known as AP-aldolase (Malay, Procious, and

Invertase, also known as beta-fructofuranosidase is a digestive enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose (table sugar) to glucose.. It is used in combination with other carbohydrates to enhance overall starch and sugar digestion. Invertase can hydrolyse the connection between glucose and fructose; this means that it uses water break sucrose into to separate monomers. This leaders the enzyme to be inhibited by ‘increased concentrations of sucrose of invertase.’

NADH accumulates from glycolysis and thus stop it from reoccurring. In order to get rid

Hexokinase and glucokinase are similar enzymes found in different parts of the body. These enzymes are used to regulate glucose levels in the blood. Glucose is the only nutrient which feed the brain, making fundamental in a diet. Glucose is derived from carbohydrates, and carbohydrates are the main source of nutrients. Once, carbohydrates are broken down into single molecules of glucose. Hexokinase and glucokinase assists in the metabolism of glucose through a process known as glycolysis. Glycolysis is a multiple step process which converts glucose into ATP or stores it as triglycerides. Therefore, hyporcaloric people require energy, causing the cycle to proceed in ATP pathway. Triglycerides are created when the person has excessive calories available. Once glucose enters the body, it begins to fill the requirements of the body. For Example, the first tissue to get filled is the brain, the second is the muscle, and if there is glucose still available in the blood, then it enters the liver. Hexokinase and glucokinase have the same function, but they react differently with in the body.