BIOS255 WEEK 1 Lab: #6 Effect of Exercise on Cardiac Output LABORATORY REPORT

Introduction: In this experiment, cardiovascular fitness is being determined by measuring how long it takes for the test subjects' to return to their resting heart rate. Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to "transport and use oxygen while exercising" (Dale 2015). Cardiovascular fitness utilizes the "heart, lungs, muscles, and blood working together" while exercising (Dale 2015). It is also how well your body can last during moderate to high intensity cardio for long periods of time (Waehner 2016). The hypothesis is that people who exercise for three or more days will return to their resting heart rate much faster than people who only exercise for less than three days.

Exercise increases heart rate by a process of sympathetic autonomic stimulation. Sympathetic (adrenergic) nerves increase the excitability of the sino-atrial node and reduce the P-R interval .As exercise continues, the physiological changes in the body are continuously monitored by a number of physiological systems and the balance of activity of the sympathetic system (speeding up) and the parasympathetic system (slowing down) is constantly adjusted. When exercise is over, the heart rate does not drop immediately as the body has to undergo a period of re adaption to return to the resting state.

The cardiovascular response is triggered by excessive exercise within a short-term anaerobic exercise (such as running for 30 minutes). This initial response starts with the release of adrenaline that causes an increase in heart rate, meaning an increase in cardiac output. This activity

B. Part B. PowerPhys Experiment 4 – Effect of Exercise on Cardiac Output (13 points total)

The third physiological adaptation that a touch football player would experience as a result of training is a change in their cardiac output. An athlete’s cardiac output is the volume of blood that their heart ejects per minute, and is therefore a direct result of the stoke volume and heart rate.

Being knowledgeable about the heart is very important, especially if one is an athlete. This experiment is significant, because it can tell us how important it is for one to keep their heart healthy. It will also tell us how playing a sport can benefit one’s health and the well being of their heart. Our hypothesis says, if the athleticism of a person increases, then the heart rate recovery time will decrease when heart rate recovery in a function of athleticism. The purpose of this project is to see which type of athlete, or non-athlete has the best heart function.

trained athletes will have a lower heart rate during this period of exercise. Recovery heart rates –

As a matter of first importance, there are numerous reactions that happen in the cardiovascular system that produce improvements inside of the initial two minutes of exercise. One of these is heart rate. The heart rate rises by pumping more blood around the body. Typically, the cardiac muscles of the heart dividers will contract around 60-80 times each moment. Nonetheless, when exercise is begun, the body understands that more oxygen is required for the muscles to work at their maximum capacity. In this manner, the heart pumps more blood

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in the United States (Hall & Lorenc, 2010). Evidence has shown that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is beneficial for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (McLeod, Brooks, Taylor, Currie, & Dewhurst, 2004; Zullo, Dolansky, & Jackson, 2010). Cardiac rehabilitation is a versatile program that encroaches upon many disciplines in order to create an optimal medical therapy that seeks to educate patients through counseling to make behavioral changes that will improve their health status. The goal of CR is to reduce the risk of repeat cardiac events, improve cardiovascular health, and reduce all-cause mortality with the use of evidence-based guidelines (Lawler, Filion, & Eisenberg, 2011; Lobelo, Stoutenberg, & Hutber, 2014). Exercise therapy is a key factor to programming. Effective training protocol that elicits a high rate of compliance will produce positive outcomes. Although moderate intensity continuous training has been the main training regimen recommended in cardiac rehabilitation guidelines, Ito, Mizoguchi, and Saeki (2016) found high-intensity interval training reported to be more effective in the clinical and experimental setting from the standpoint of peak oxygen uptake and central and peripheral adaptations in their review.

-Heart rate is the number of times a person 's heart beats per minute. When you are preforming a type of exercise that will increase your heart rate, then your heart will pump blood all around your body faster and especially to muscles that are working the most because they require the most oxygen because of the intensity they are working at. It is vital to take your resting heart rate and the normal heart rate is 60-100bpm. For example, our cardiovascular exercise was cycling on a stationary bike for 20 minutes at a reasonable pace and this will depend on whether your heart rate will increase at a slow, fast or steady rate. However, the first 5 minutes we cycled at a very fast pace in order for your heart to pump more blood all around the body and to the required muscles in order for them to work harder. But the response is that the heart rate levels off, which means that it becomes steady so that after beginning the exercise and you’re like 5 minutes into it then your heart rate will stay the same or increase by little bits unless you change the intensity all the time which is not required when doing cardiovascular exercises.

Figure showing changes associated with HFpEF and effects of exercise training. Changes in the heart result in reduction of the volume of the blood being pumped and changes to the vessels lead to a reduced blood flow. Therefore, there is a reduction in oxygen delivery to the active muscle (3,4,6,8). On the other hand, changes formed in the muscle would lead reduced ability of the muscle to extract oxygen (3,4,8). Therefore, resulting in a decreased oxygen uptake and sever exercise intolerance. Exercise training can reverse the changes (3,4,8).

First, the guidelines for frequency in a cardiorespiratory training is at least three sessions for every week and in a perfect world five or six sessions for every week as indicated by Canfitpro. Furthermore, heart rate is the essential measure of intensity in aerobic endurance training. In a perfect world before you begin a cardiovascular program an target heart rate zone ought to first be resolved. The target heart rate zone is a component of both your fitness level and age. For beginners, a target heart rate zone of 50-70 percent of their maximum heart rate is a decent place to begin (Anderson & Bates & Cova & Macdonald, 2008). So if, for instance, our patient is 57 years of age that gives you an anticipated maximum heart rate of 163 (220

Cardiovascular (CV) fitness or endurance is how efficient your body is at taking in oxygen and putting it to use. The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart, blood, and blood vessels through which blood travels around the body. Aerobic exercise is a key element in CV training. Aerobic simply means “with oxygen”, this type of activity includes things such as swimming, dancing, walking, jogging and cycling (Bushman, 2011). Essentially aerobic activities are exercises where large muscles are moving in a rhythmic way for a sustainable period of time (“Active Adults”, 2015).

Exercising strengthens the heart as well as increasing the size of it. When person exercise, left ventricle’s wall get thicker and stronger. Ventricle is a left and right main chambers of the heart. Ventricles are responsible for pumping blood all over the body. However, when person stop exercising completely, their heart goes back

The literature on the effects of exercise of cardiac output maintains the idea that exercise should affect cardiac output- pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, QRS-pulse lag, P-T and T-P intervals, because of increased heart rate. For our experiment, we tested this theory by measuring our cardiac output before and after some rigorous exercise. We measured the individual cardiac output and then combined the data to compose a class-wide data average. We compared the results of the experiment to what we expected, which was that exercise does affect our heart. Our data from this experiment supported the notion that exercise does, in fact, change cardiac output.