BPA Exposure Essay

This is because the chemical has one of the most common environmental chemical exposures to humans. Abbreviated “BPA”, bisphenol A exposure, has been linked with several mechanisms that are involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, this comprises of weight gain, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress (NHANES 11).Public health places emphasis that the health of populations should be considered by reducing the quantity of bottled water they consume. Data should be collected for the purposes of policy decision making and deciding the best ways the consumption of bottled water should be curtailed Considering that an endocrine-disrupting chemical, BPA has been shown to have estrogenic and thyroid hormone that disrupts the effects of experimental studies. This owes to the fact that there are significant relations between childhood obesity and the type of water such children who get infected by the disease consume. The venture hence becomes a serious concern because people, specifically Americans, have been unknowingly poisoning themselves and their children with the prior mentioned chemical. This has been championed by the use of BPA contained in bottled water. Notably, only reduces human consumption of this harmful chemical which is found 93% of the American adult

The researchers suspect that overstimulated neurons could lead to early puberty and interrupt the natural reproductive system. While this study focused on zebrafish, it could speak to larger issues. Could the rise in BPA and BPA-free products explain the "rise in premature human births and early onset of puberty over the past couple of decades," in the United States? Health Day http://consumer.healthday.com/encyclopedia/pregnancy-33/pregnancy-news-543/premature-births-on-the-rise-643869.html reports that over 500,000 American babies (or 1 in 8) are born prematurely and the rate of premature births has increased 36 percent since the 1980s. Puberty is also beginning much earlier for girls and boys, some as young as six.

Phthalates are used in almost every product, from foods to plastics (Fda, 2014). However, not all the health effects of this have been studied, and the ones that have been done, show that it is harmful. Why is it still around then? This essay will investigate the biochemical effects of phthalates as well as the advantages and disadvantages of its use to answer the following question: Should phthalates be allowed to be used in children’s toys? This paper, will be looking at the uses for phthalates, and then looking at the possible health effects that it may have. Then, it will be determined if the benefits out way the bad, or the other way around.

In the European Community the total amount used in fragrances has been reported to be 110 tons/a. As a result of its inherently low biodegradability MK has been detected in the aquatic environment (surface water, sediments, edible fish). Moreover, it has been shown that MK concentrates in human fatty tissue and breast milk, indicating that humans are constantly exposed (Schmeiser, Gminski, Mersch-Sundermann, 2001). According to the US national library of medicine, a large number of industrial and consumer products contain phthalate as a plasticizer, and phthalate may be a menace to health including disorders of the male reproductive tract and breast and testicular cancers. It has also been linked to reproductive effects (decreased sperm counts, early breast development, birth defects) and liver and kidney damage (Mercola,

A study by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2003 concluded that there were noticeably higher levels of BPA found in 93% of 2,517 urine samples taken by people over the age of six. This particular date is considered the main source for further action in the United States. Because BPA is used in the manufacturing of most drink bottles, raising concern for parents. Most baby bottles contain BPA and it can seep into the liquid making consumption inevitable (Forbes. 2015). BPA is known as an ‘endocrine disrupter’ this is defined as “a substance which interferes with the production, secretion, transport, action, function and elimination of natural hormones.” This means that this chemical can imitate the body’s own hormones, which can be dangerous, especially for young children still developing, as it changes and may decrease the production of Luteinizing hormone (LH) this can change the rate in which children go through puberty (Mayo Clinic . 2015). This hormone is also responsible for the ovulation of women, a study in 2006 found that rats exposed to BPA for long

It would be expected that as out lives increase in comfort and hygiene with the creation of plastic, disposable and sterile things, the decent of life threatening diseases would follow. This has been the case with some diseases, but not all. In the last 45 years, there have been increases in childhood brain cancer, Asthma, Leukemia in children, early onset puberty, ADHD, genital deformities in baby boys and life-threatening birth defects. While genetics may be able to account for some of that increase, the rise has been too high in such a short amount of time for there to be no other external factors. The biggest culprit? Chemicals. In the last 50 years, there has been a 2000% increase in the use of chemicals in industry; most of these chemicals have never been tested for safety. One of these chemicals is Bisphenol A (or BPA), to which hundreds if not thousands of studies have linked to some of these conditions and more, which is a HUGE problem. Thanks to all these studies, we know that BPA is detrimental to our health, and so in order to benefit the long-term health of students and faculty, Wayne State should ban BPA products sold on campus, and replaced them with safer alternatives.

When digested, BPA is absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. The blood is then transported directly to the liver by the hepatic portal vein. During this time it reacts with glucoronic acid or sulfuric acid in the bloodstream to form BPA-glucoronide or BPA-sulfate respectively (Aschberger, 2010). These reactants are water soluble and therefore can be rapidly eliminated through the urine. It is for this reason that the US Environmental Protection Agency states that BPA has a low bioaccumulation potential. Furthermore, when in the form of BPA-glucoronide or BPA-sulfate, the shape of the molecule has changed and cannot bind to any hormone receptors. Each hormone receptor has a specific shape, by which only hormones complementary in shape will bind. However, in tissue sites containing the enzymes -glucoronidase and arylsulfatase-C, BPA-glucoronide and BPA-sulfate react to produce the free form of BPA (Aschberger, 2010). These enzymes are present in higher concentrations within the placenta, leading the US Food and Drug Administration to suggest that foetuses have a higher exposure level to BPA than

done on rats with exposure to BPA which shows that it raises levels of hormones such as

After reviewing and researching about 700 studies, the scientists came to a result that people are exposed to high levels of BPA which target infants and fetuses severely. Hence, the most vulnerable are infants and fetuses, which are in developing conditions.

Other diseases have chemical connections to plastic. Women are affected more by plastic pollution. Pregnant women who were exposed to plastic chemicals gave birth to kids with genital defects.

Human Health and the Environment PCBs cause a range of problems with people. They can be carcinogenic and cause cancer. They also suppress the immune system. "Studies in animals and humans suggest that long term exposure to PCBs can suppress the immune system."("Wisconsin department of health services")

Every hormone and cell in the body has receptors, which receive signals from the body on how to react to various internal body changes in order to maintain balanced internal body conditions. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, “Endocrine disruptors act by interfering with the biosynthesis, secretion, action, or metabolism of naturally occurring hormones” (“Biomonitoring Bisphenol A.”). Endocrine disruptors also negatively impact developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife. Moreover, the NIEHS states that endocrine disruptors decrease fertility and increase the potential endometriosis and some cancers (“Endocrine Disruptors.” ). For instance, in Qui et. al’s study of the effect of BPA and Bisphenol S on zebrafish, it was concluded that “BPA had significant effects on hatching rate and early development of the reproductive neuroendocrine system at concentrations as low as 10 μg/L” (Qui 2016). Although some may not see the impact of BPA on zebrafish as relevant to human health, zebrafish have been proven to have features comparable to humans, as 70% of human genes are found in zebrafish. Further, zebrafish are also very anatomically similar to humans since they have two eyes, brain, spinal cord, intestines, kidney, esophagus, heart, muscle, blood, etc. (“Why Use Zebrafish to Study

It is frequently used to make plastic more flexible in objects such as food storage containers, toys and tools which are used daily by majority of the population (PHSDP, 2015). There has not been a substantial amount of research done on this particular chemical and the public does not know much about this substance’s effects. Although there has not been any studies conducted on how diethyl phthalate directly affects humans, some have been conducted on laboratory animals. It was revealed that large amounts of diethyl phthalate consumed by mouth, is lethal to test animals while small amounts at brief exposure times appeared harmless (PHSDP, 2015). Therefore, with this limited information on diethyl phthalate, this experiment will provide more insight on the potentially hazardous chemical that is constantly exposed to the human population. After studying the effects of diethyl phthalate on the development and mortality rates of Artemia salina, a conclusion can be reached regarding how different exposure times and concentrations can affect a common primary consumer that is necessary in many

This news article is describing how or if drinking bottles that contain BPA effect your urinary levels. In a current study of college students they monitored the exposure or BPA. At first they could only drink cold beverages from stainless steel bottles. Then for a week they could only drink cold drinks only from two new research-provided polycarbonate bottles (McGovern, A 406). They took urine samples of the participants to compare it to the urine samples in the NHANES study. To McGovern, who wrote this article does say that not all polycarbonate plastics contain BPA (McGovern, A

Having high levels of insulin and glucose in the blood stream is very unhealthy. It causes many health issues, the most prominent one being weight gain. Since BPA is an endocrine disruptor for insulin, the glucose that is not being used for energy must go somewhere. This excess glucose gets stored as fat, which is why there is such an increase in weight gain in the organisms that were exposed to BPA. Many of the articles referenced above mention type 2 diabetes is very common due to exposure to BPA. Pre-natal exposure to BPA can be seen as a variable that gives way to most of the health effects. The problem presented is that these health effects (insulin/glucose tolerance, weight gain, and sexual function) are ongoing. They do not show up