Back Pain Case Studies

- Palliative care and lack of it (the patient with torturous pains caused by side effects of full dose rounds of chemotherapy and ovarian cancer did not get the right of controlled analgesia).

The cause of pain can be puzzling and is not always related to specific pathology (Croft et al.,

Back pain and the perception of pain is a common symptom with multiple causes. According to Porth (2011), at least 2/3’s of people will have one or more

You usually feel back pain after lifting a heavy object, move suddenly, sit in one position for too long or suffer an injury or

The main symptom of myofascial pain syndrome is a deep, aching pain in a muscle. This pain persists and worsens over time making life more and more difficult. A tender knot in a muscle can also be felt, which is known as the trigger point. Difficulty sleeping is also a common symptom. Someone can experience difficulty falling asleep and sleep disturbances. The pain areas affected most often are muscles, back, mouth and face, or neck. Also common are tenderness, fatigue, muscle spasms, or

2010). The patient history diagnosis is the first approach, sensation, reflexes and strength are examined, this is because sciatica is mainly diagnosed by its particular pain symptoms (Pullman-Mooar, 2013). The physical examination is dependent on neurological testing (Koes et al. 2007). If the pain is continual for more than six weeks after the patient history is taken, a physical examination will be completed (Pullman-Mooar, 2013). Imaging is used to distinguish if nerve root compression is visible initiated by a herniated disc (Jarvik et al. 2002). The Lasegue’s sign or most commonly known as the straight-leg-raising test is frequently used (Valat et al. 2010). A test conducted by Deville et al. 2000 demonstrates that the straight-leg-raising test has a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 26.4%, whereas the crossed straight-leg test has a sensitivity of 29% and a specificity of 88%. No tests have been conducted that have resulted in both a high sensitivity and a high specificity. Other diagnostic tests include the computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which are used to diagnose physical defects that cause sciatica (Pullman-Mooar, 2013). As well as, electromyography, evoked potential testing, nerve conduction velocity testing and myelography. Yet, since the popularity of the MRI is increasing, myelography use is decreasing. Problems in

Imaging of musculoskeletal disorders began in the early 1900’s with the invention and utilization of radiography and fluoroscopic equipment (McKinnis, 2014). Evolutions in imaging now allow for clearer digital recorded images of fluoroscopy, radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (McKinnis, 2014). From the beginning, imaging has not been an isolated or sole diagnostic tool. The clinician’s expertise in the evaluation process, the comprehensive evaluation and assessment of the patient, documented and reported patient history, associated signs and symptoms, and the additional medical test results along with red flags must be taken into account when considering referral for imaging (Dutton, 2012; McKinnis, 2014). There are several clinical prediction rules and guidelines, which have been created to assist health care providers in managing the utilization and prevention of inappropriate imaging (Dutton, 2012; Gan, Harkey, Hemingway, Hughes, & Duszak, 2016; Gidwani et al., 2016; McKinnis, 2014). Based on the aforementioned information, not all spinal patients will require or should receive spinal imaging.

elderly due to basic wear and tear of the spine and the surrounding ligaments caused

Patients that are being carefully considered for surgery usually have positive radiology images in association with the examination findings of severe sciatica and neurological deficits.

Occasionally, more serious underlying diseases or a problem are caused by pain in the upper back. Tumors putting pressure on the spine along with certain disease of the lungs, heart, kidneys and abdominal organs can also pain and should not be

They talk about how important the MRI is to detecting the early symptoms like inflammation in sacroiliac joints with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis . Where originally they were dependent on radiographic methods which were not as effective at catching the early symptoms in these joints.

The infamous aching of heads, backs, legs, and feet everywhere can be attributed primarily to one of two factors: muscular atrophy or general weakness and fascial adhesions (pooling). These factors can require a great deal of time and energy of the therapist to overcome so must be addressed headlong. Numbness of the body can be many different symptoms all pointing to the overall casual factors within the nervous system. These are symptoms that took the longest to become prevalent and will take time to remove poor habits that caused them to exist. Burning in the body can be indicative of two primary factors; overstretching of the nerves and muscles locally or an impaction of a joint causing nerve dysfunction. Either occurrence can be labeled as paresthesia, whether the condition is transient or chronic is important as well as location and possible referral patterns. Visceral “feeling” refers to any idiopathic symptom or pain felt within the cavities of the body, especially the abdomen. Knowing if there are visceral symptoms assists in establishing a duration of treatment and aggressiveness of

Low back pain (LBP) is cited as the second most common musculoskeletal problems for which treatment is sought by individuals. An estimated 90% of LBP reported in clinical practice is categorized as idiopathic or nonspecific , meaning that the underlying pathoanatomy is unclear.

Modalities used are commonly; conventional radiography, ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and arthroscopy.

On the off chance that a circle is protruding, it can put weight on the encompassing nerves and cause serious sensations. Now and then, different issues which might start in another part of the body might simply emanate to the center segment of the back. For instance, an issue with the digestive organs might all of a sudden return out however torment.