Bacteria Escherichia Coli

Rubbing alcohol, also known as isopropyl alcohol “refers to two water-soluble chemical compounds—ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol—that have generally underrated germicidal characteristics” (“Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities”). Ethyl alcohol kills bacteria in two ways: “protein denaturation and dissolving the lipid membrane” (“How Does Ethyl Alcohol Kill Bacteria?“). Next, Betadine, also known as Povidone-iodine is a solution [that is] often used in hand scrubs and hand rubs in hospital settings” (Ngan). It is used in “Treating minor wounds and infections, as well as killing bacteria” (“Povidone/ iodine solution”). Povidone-iodine’s way of killing bacteria is still being researched and “is yet to be fully understood, [but] it appears to have the ability to penetrate the cell wall of bacteria and affect their structure and function. This ensures their rapid destruction and helps protect against wound and skin infection” (“What is an Antiseptic”). Germ-X Hand Sanitizer is a hand gel that is used for waterless “washing” of hands to kill germs on the surface. It is an antiseptic primarily used by those who want to kill germs quickly and cannot wash their hands (Samuels). The formula contains about 63 percent ethyl alcohol according to livestrong.com (Samuels). Neosporin is a topical antibiotic used to

9. After the 48 hour time period the inhibition of the Escherichia coli bacteria around the disinfectant disks was measured. A ruler was used to measure the clearing from the edge of the disk to the perimeter of the clearing. Irregularities in the clearing were not included in the area of clearing.

AIM – The aim of the experiment is to determine the relative effectiveness of several anti-microbial substances on developing pathogens. (E. coli)

2. Which antibiotic was most effective in killing the bacterial lawn on each plate? Which was the least effective?

Escherichia Coli, located in one of the main organs known as the large intestine, is a type of bacteria that helps digestion. (Trzepacz, Timmons, and Duobinis-Gray, 2016) For Escherichia Coli to remain stable and alive, it needs specific necessities. These needs are known as the following: Energy, vitamins, and similar compounds. Escherichia Coli is found everywhere!

E.coli outbreaks have steadily grown over the last few decades. An expansion in big farming has led to E. coli not only being found in meat, but vegetation as well, due to waste runoff. This has increased our need for adequate antibiotics that can fight bacteria, like E. coli. The best way to pinpoint which antibiotics work is by measuring their ability to create antimicrobial agents or zones of inhibition. When a paper disc that has been saturated in an antibiotic is inserted in a solution of E.coli and medium, the zone of inhibition will be noted as the clear ring that forms around the disk. The antibiotics efficacy is then determined by measuring each disk zone of inhibition, and comparing these measurements to the zone measurements of an untreated specimen. If an antibiotic is to be deemed sufficient for treating E. coli it should show a zone of inhibition that is at least double the size of the untreated specimen.

After gaining some knowledge about bacteria, we were giving an investigating bacteria growth lab to do. Our objective was to observe the conditions required for bacteria to grow and to test the effectiveness of substances that may be antibacterial, disinfecting, and or sanitizing. My group and I began our procedure by gathering all the bacteria by swabbing our necks and mouths. After this, we inoculated the culture by rubbing the bacteria on the agar, a nutrient rich gel made from sea kelp, on the bottom side of the container where we grow bacteria, the Petridish. We hoped for the results to come back with little or even no colonies and an immense zone of inhibition around the tiny circle cut out of filter paper covered in toothpaste, Neosporin, and Chlorhexidine Gluconate 4% Solution.

What would explain the phenomenon of a minute growth near a disc that had a clear zone of inhibition is that the agent is bacteriostatic because it is it is inhibiting the growth of the bacteria versus a bactericidal agent which just kills

Scientifically speaking, Escherichia coli is a pathogen that is a bacteria that is Prokaryotic in nature. This bacteria presents itself as a gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod. This pathogenic bacteria releases toxins that invade the intestinal tissues and in cases of cystitis invade the tissues of the kidneys. The bacterium becomes attached by fimbriae to the epithelium tissue in the body then it causes inflammation of those affected cells.

After 48 hours, the experimenter was able to obtain the Petri dish in order to observe what had taken place, within the nutrient agar plate, of the span of this period of time. The experimenter was able to establish that any clear areas surrounding the filter-paper disks were the zones of inhibition and they indicated that the antibiotic was able to inhibit the bacterial growth, and any cloudy areas of the agar demonstrated that bacterial growth was still able to take place within the given conditions. Thus, the larger the zone of inhibition, the more bacteria was inhibited within this specific environment. Quadrant 1 contained an Erythromycin filter-paper disk, which was able to inhibit the growth of Bacteria D. The Erythromycin filter-paper

Escherichia Coli is a bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals. E. coli isn’t always a harmful bacterium. Some are actually crucial to a healthy intestinal tract because this bacterium assists with the production of Vitamin K2 and stops pathogenic bacteria from interacting and establishing inside the intestines (Gould, 2010). A person maybe exposed to E. coli through water or food that maybe contaminated or from raw meat such as ground beef or raw vegetables. Lack of good hygiene is another way that E. coli infections can spread especially in places such as hospitals or day care centers. While a healthy adult with an E.coli infection will most likely recover within five to seven days, those who are at risk include young children, elderly and those with a weak immune system.

My results from the lab showed that some household products which are commonly thought of as having antibacterial properties actually showed no signs of being effective against bacteria, while some showed very promising results. The following are the lab results for products tested on their effectiveness on yeast and the bacteria Serratia Marcescens. Even though there was separate testing for yeast and the bacteria, results were the same.

Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacillus that is facultatively anaerobic and which is classified as part of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is most commonly found in the lower intestines of warm blooded organisms although it is capable of surviving outside of the host for an extended time and may be spread through contact of infected fecal matter as well as personal contact with an infected host. Several strains of E. coli live in endotherms as part of the normal flora of the gut and provide their hosts with benefits such as the production of vitamin K2 and the prevention of establishment of the intestines by pathogenic bacteria thereby forming a mutualistic relationship with their hosts. There are five strains of E. coli which can cause gastroenteritis in people through the production of shiga toxins leading to illness and even death. However E. coli has been a large part of many valuable contributions to science for the last 60 years due to its genetic simplicity as well as its fast growth and inexpensive culturing requirements.

Certain people work well at high altitudes. People who live at higher altitudes have a higher hemoglobin count since it helps blood cells deliver oxygen to nourish body tissues. The oxygen level in the atmosphere decreases as the altitude increases. This is true with the majority of people who live in these high altitude regions like the Andes. There is a group of people from Tibet who does not follow this trend. They have a much lower hemoglobin level than an average person, and they live and work as successfully as other groups. Scientists questioned why did the Tibetans have a lower hemoglobin count that allows them to live and work successfully? The discovery of the mutation in the EPAS1 gene may have an answer.

Antibacterial soaps are a trend these days. Every day we see various advertisements about the advantages of using antibacterial soaps that they helps us get rid of the harmful microorganisms and they can help get rid of the bacteria that get attached to our skin from our environment or from elsewhere; that they will make us healthy and will save us from getting diseases due to the pathogens on our skin (most importantly hands as they can transfer the pathogens into our gastrointestinal system). They will make our lives more healthier and better(Aiello et. al. 2007 ).