Bacteriophage Lab Report

There are many differents ways to identify a bacterial unknown and many different situations where identification would be beneficial. One way to identify bacterial unknowns is to perform biochemical tests. In this experiment multiple biochemical tests were done, by performing these tests on the bacterial unknown received the two different bacteria were then identified. The citrate test is done to test the ability of organisms to use citrate as a carbon source. This test uses Simmons citrate agar, the agar contains sodium citrate as the only carbon source and has bromothymol blue as the pH indicator. The organisms that use citrate as a carbon source use the enzyme to transport the citrate into the cell. The cells converts ammonium dihydrogen

After precisely conducting the experiment and tabulating the results, data for Paraquat toxicity upon P. vulgaris plants can be interpreted over several different parameters. The parameters by which Paraquat toxicity was examined within this experiment involve visual observations, x-ray diffraction, chlorophyll concentrations, protein concentrations, and lastly malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations on a per mg of protein basis. As stated before Paraquat is very widely used herbicide known to produce superoxide anions leading to chloroplast membrane damage and ultimately a variety of adverse effects upon the host organism, in this case P. vulgaris (Chia et al., 1982).

Isolating and characterize a novel phage from the environment requires several steps and several frustrations. By isolating and investigating a phage found in the Pullman region can hopefully lead to a newly discovered phage that can help researchers discover more about the life cycle and process of phage infection. Some phage infection can be good due to infecting the bacteria that is not wanted or is harmful to the environment or humans. Within this lab, there were steps taken necessary to isolate a novel phage that was obtained from the surrounding Pullman area. This report reflects plaques being isolated but then stopped due to errors and loss of plates. The final touches and procedures were accomplished with a given DNA ladder that was

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

The main idea of this experiment was to correctly identify the unknown bacteria, #3. Identification of unknown bacteria yields multiple benefits in many different areas in the research of microorganisms. In this experiment I performed many different test dealing with things such as the presence of enzymes, fermentation abilities and different chemical reactions. Observations made from the tests were then compared to a gram negative unknown chart in order to identify the bacteria. Based off of my results and the chart, I concluded the bacteria #3 was the bacteria Escherichia coli. E. coli is most commonly found in the intestines of warm blooded organisms. Most E. coli strands are non pathogenic however, there are strands

The bases of this experiment was to discover the identify of the unknown from three possible specimens: Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Utilizaing the T streak technique, the bacteria was isolated into pure colonies for further study. The Gram Stain method was used to identity the morhphology of the bacteria such as the shape and whether the bacteria was Gram positive or Gram negative. Biochemical test were also used to help identify the unknown bacteria. The biochemical test used was the Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfur Indole Motility test, Methyl Red test, Voges-Proskauer test, Citrate test, Urease test, and the Gelatin test. After observing the morphology of the bacteria using the Gram Stain method and utilizing all the possible biochemical test, the bacteria was identified to be Enterobacter aerogenes.

On June 25th, 2015 I chose the test tube labeled #19. This test tube contained an unknown bacterium, and the purpose was to determine the unknown bacterium by the end of the semester. Throughout the course, I ran a series of differential tests that would lead me to discovering the characteristics of my unknown. These tests that I will discuss in this paper are vital to understanding the biochemical mechanisms that different bacteria can perform, therefore helping me identify my bacterium based on molecular differences. During the course of this paper, I will refer to my unknown as unk#19. Also, I would note that aseptic technique was performed throughout the entire experiment and subcultures were regularly made.

Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is a common bacterium that can be found in diverse environments all over the planet, including the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many of these strains of E. Coli are essential mechanisms in the digestive tract, while others are pathogens that can cause complications in urinary and intestinal tracts. (Payne & Sparks) In research, E. Coli is commonly used as a model organism, meaning they are widely studied by scientists for a variety of purposes due to their experimental advantages. E. Coli is comparatively simple, and there are many advantages to studying these prokaryotic cells in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. E. Coli has this simplicity and is relatively easy to propagate in a lab environment. Their genome has been completely sequenced and many things we know about DNA, protein synthesis, and gene linkage have been derived from studies regarding this particular organism. (Cooper)

A total of 13 tests were performed on the unknown bacteria culture #1. Two tests were inconclusive and could not be used. The first test was simply the phenylethyl alcohol agar (PAA) to check for contamination because of its selectivity towards gram-positive bacteria. The alcohol in the agar penetrates the thin peptidoglycan wall of gram-negative bacteria, which results in a slowed and stopped growth. The mannitol salts agar (MSA) is a differential test due to the mannitol sugar. It also has high amounts of salt (7.5% NaCl). If the organism can ferment the sugar, and produce acid as a result, the phenol red pH indicator dye will turn yellow due to the acidic environment. If no change occurred, then it is a negative result meaning that the bacteria

Each batch of phage was used to infect a different culture of bacteria. After infection had taken place, each culture was whirled in a blender, removing any remaining phage and phage parts from the outside of the bacterial cells. Finally, the cultures were centrifuged, or spun at high speeds, to separate the bacteria from the phage debris.

Courtney Love April 17, 2018 Section 352L-004 Isolation and Identification of Pseudomonas fluorescens Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to isolate and identify Pseudomonas fluorescens from a river water environment source. Pseudomonas fluorescens is a gram negative, rod- shaped aerobic bacteria, common in many environments. These environments include water sources like lakes and rivers, as well as soil and dirt.

Background. Haemophilus influenzae, a major pathogen causing respiratory tract infections and meningitis, is becoming increasingly resistant to small spectrum penicillins. Investigating the reasons for this resistance is challenging. Methods. The sequences of the ftsI gene, encoding the transpeptidase domain of penicillin binding protein (PBP) 3, were determined for 44 strains of Haemophilus influenzae with reduced susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics. The strains, isolated from children, were analysed for genetic relationship by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results. The sequences have different mutations and were classified into three groups (I (n = 3), II (n = 36, including H. influenzae ATCC 49247), and III (n=5)) on the basis of

Introduction: salmonellosis is an infectious disease that most often through contaminated food, especially food products derived from meat, chicken, eggs, pet food, milk and sometimes vegetables will be transferred. Antimicrobial resistance is a grave threat to global public health that can severely limit the choice of antibiotics to treat infectious disease. Given the pace of bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics even progress in the production of new classes of antibiotics can not create peace in the human medicine. Reports of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals there. Bacteriophages or simply phages, viruses that attack bacteria and kill them. These viruses are specific to bacteria and can not attack to eukaryotic cells. The primary objective of this study was to isolate and determination effective phage titer

There are many differences between bacteriophages and bacterium. Bacteriophages (also known as phages) are viruses that are obligate intracellular parasites, therefore, need a specific host in order to for this virion to leave its dormant state. The bacterium serves as the host in which the virus inhabits, allowing for it to grow and replicate. According to the case study by Kari Mergenhagen, the virus also obtains and enormous size compared to the bacterium. It has special structures, such as, a protein coat (capsid) which is a nucleic acid genome. On the other hand, bacterium is not simply defined as being a host for phages. Bacterium is a microorganism which is unicellular, has cell walls, lacks of organelles and nucleus, and can reproduce

In this lab experiment, students had to create a growth curve for E. coli. The E. coli growth curve would illustrate the progression of the population of E. coli a set time period. In this case, the growth curve depicted the population of E. coli over a 12-hour period. The growth curve for E. coli was created from the absorbance levels, the optical density(OD), recorded from the spectrophotometer.