Bacteriophages Are Viruses In The World

6. Humans should not be concerned about the bacteriophages infecting other cells because each bacteriophage is particular to a certain bacteria. If the bacterial cell exhibits traits that are desirable to the certain bacteriophage, then the phage will chose to bind and infect it, otherwise people have nothing to worry about.

The biological significance of this article is due in part to the fact that viruses are being considered as partway-living things. Even though they are only halfway living, per se, they are still an important part of the study of living things because of the unique way in which they “live” and continue to reproduce by taking advantage of host cells. The information in this article relates to biologists in that viruses provide an entirely different element of potential life, as they are a cause for reconsideration when it comes to defining and determining life and non-life forms. This

Additionally, I have pushed myself to take the most rigorous courses that my high school offers, not only in attempt to prepare myself for my future, but also for my love of learning. In particular, I decided to take an independent study this year. I wished to utilize this opportunity as my first step into what I wanted to pursue in the next chapter of my life. Thus, I planned to venture into both viruses and bacteria, as well as other pathogens such as

It is often argued whether viruses are living or not. Those who don’t believe that viruses are living generally base their opinion off of the fact that they do not follow the basic definition of “life”. They do not carry out life-sustaining functions on their own like normal organisms. On the other side of the argument, some believe that viruses are in fact, living beings, which is where I rest my opinion.

Some phages infect bacteria to destroy them, which is called lysic lifestyle, while other phages infect bacteria and stay dormant inside them for a while, which is referred to as a lysogenic lifestyle. A phage infects the bacteria cell by injecting its genetic material into the bacteria’s cytoplasm. This allows the bacteria synthesis process to start making the phage’s genetic code instead of its own. Once the bacteria have made enough phages to handle, the walls will break and release all of the phage that was created. The phages that were made are now resetting the process and beginning again by infecting the other near bacteria by injecting their genetic material once again. Those phages that stay within the bacteria and not burst the bacteria will continue to reproduce the phages own genetic code. (Griffiths,

The reversion rate of either phage rII 29, or phage rII 31 was determined by the infection of permissive host E. Coli B, or with non-permissive host E. Coli K to either bacteriophages rII 29, or bacteriophage rII 31. This infection was plated using the soft agar technique. After incubation, the titer of revertants phage was determined by the number of plaques formed on E. coli K plates. The reversion rate equation was the following,

A virus is a small capsule that contains DNA or RNA, viruses, unlike bacteria are not self sufficient and need a host in

The main objectives of this experiment included making dilutions of solutions, plating phage or bacteria, and determining the number of bacterial viruses or phage in a suspension. It was also conducted to demonstrate that two different mutants of phage T4 can exchange genetic material to give rise to wild-type phage. The experiment was used to distinguish mutants from wild-type by their host specificity. The recombination in bacteriophage was performed to determine the concentration of unadsorbed phage from the U series plates, total concentration from B series, and concentration of

This project is all about isolating bacteriophage in soil. They come in different sizes and shapes, each to their own unique look. Phages have a protective protein head that contains DNA and a hollow tube tails (http://phages.org/bacteriophage/). Since bacteriophage cannot reproduce and replicate themselves, they need a host to do the work for

Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only replicate inside cells of the host organism. Viruses for the most part are so small you would have to use a conventional optical microscope. Viruses can infect any and all types of organisms, such as animals (to include Humans), plants and even bacteria as well as archaea (archaea constitutes a domain or kingdom of single-celled microorganisms). There are millions of different types of viruses. With viruses being believed to be the most abundant type of biological entity, they can be virtually found in every ecosystem on the planet.

One of the most complex and unexplored disease causing agents are viruses. They are known to be able to infect a wide array of organisms, from plants and animals, to bacteria and fungi. Essentially, anything that is living is capable of being infected with a virus. Once the host's cell is infected, the viruses' goal is to produce more viruses which will infect neighboring cells to continue the cycle.

A virus is a small nucleic acid molecule that can only multiply within a living cell of the actual host. It can produce a copy of that specific virus at an alarming rate. They are becoming more dangerous today. We need to build a better knowledge base to educate healthcare professionals and parents that bacteria and viruses are two different animals. Giving an antibiotic for a virus is not going to help; it will eventually cause antibiotic resistance. With viruses, the symptoms just need to be managed with over the counter medication, rest, and letting it run its course.

There is still a great deal of information to learn from the study of viruses and the continued exploration of the viral genome is crucial in understanding how viruses communicate, transmit from host to host and evade immune responses. The ever-change nature of the viral genome has shown us that the most dangerous viral infections of today may be undermined by newer and more effective viruses, resulting in catastrophic outcomes. Through the study of viruses, it is the hope of the scientific community to be ahead of the viral curve, preventing infections before they even

Mycobacteriophage or phages are viruses that in-fect mycobacteria. The importance of this research is to find alternatives in the fields of genetics, ther-apeutics, and epidemiology ("Mycobacterium Smegmatis"). According to the SEA PHAGES Labor-atory Manual, phages are of interest for reasons such as replacing antibiotics, traditional therapies, and for using the phage DNA as a tool for further information. Phages are no susceptible to antibiot-ics, can survive in almost all types of environment, and are the most abundant life-form on earth ("Mycobacterium Smegmatis"). The research we are doing in this course is significant for we are discov-ering and sequencing a new phage in the matter of one semester.

To begin, synbio technology is becoming a necessity in the biomedicine and pharmaceutical industry. Synthetic biology therapies has been developed for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer, as well as approaches in vaccine development (Ruder et al., 2011). As Ruder et al. (2011) have discovered, effective synthetic biology therapies can been rationally designed and constructed to alter mechanisms underlying disease and related biological processes. In the process of developing synthetic biology for prevention of infection, bacteriophages have been manipulated to attack bacterial strains by disrupting antibiotic defense mechanisms. The development of these synthetic biology therapies is essential in preventing widespread of diseases which may be unstoppable using other means. In the case of cancer treatment, synthetic biology plays an even more important role. Despite the success of modern cancer therapies, the major therapeutic interventions- surgery, radiation and chemotherapy- still causes considerable damage to healthy tissues in cancer patients. In this aspect, synthetic biology is no longer merely an alternative, but more of a necessity as we “need new cancer treatments that precisely distinguish between diseases and healthy cells” (Ruder et al., 2011). With synthetic biology, synbiologists are able to engineer bacteria to target and invade only cancer cells, programming the invasion to occur only in specific vivo conditions, as well as engineering bacteria