Bacteriophages Vs Bacteria

6. Humans should not be concerned about the bacteriophages infecting other cells because each bacteriophage is particular to a certain bacteria. If the bacterial cell exhibits traits that are desirable to the certain bacteriophage, then the phage will chose to bind and infect it, otherwise people have nothing to worry about.

Bacteria is an organism that lives of plants and animals. A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. All viruses have genes made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information; all have a protein coat that protects these genes; and some have an envelope of fat that surrounds them when they are outside a cell. These are Eukaryotes..when compared to bacteria(prokaryote) and virus.Like plants and animals, fungi are eukaryotic multicellular organisms.

Some phages infect bacteria to destroy them, which is called lysic lifestyle, while other phages infect bacteria and stay dormant inside them for a while, which is referred to as a lysogenic lifestyle. A phage infects the bacteria cell by injecting its genetic material into the bacteria’s cytoplasm. This allows the bacteria synthesis process to start making the phage’s genetic code instead of its own. Once the bacteria have made enough phages to handle, the walls will break and release all of the phage that was created. The phages that were made are now resetting the process and beginning again by infecting the other near bacteria by injecting their genetic material once again. Those phages that stay within the bacteria and not burst the bacteria will continue to reproduce the phages own genetic code. (Griffiths,

5 drops of chloroform were added to the mixture and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes to kill, and lyse the bacteria cells which allows all the unadsorbed phages to be accounted for when determining the titer of unadsorbed phage with susceptible bacteria, E. Coli B. (Biology Dept.). 0.1 ml of E.coli B was added to the 10 fold dilution. Using soft agar technique, the unadsorbed phage were plated. After incubation, the titer of unadsorbed phage was determined by counting the number of plaques on the plate from the infection of single E. coli cells in the assay tube by a free phage particle before

A virus is a small capsule that contains DNA or RNA, viruses, unlike bacteria are not self sufficient and need a host in

Titer of the Bacterial virus, the Measurement of the Recombination and the Reversion Rate, and the Gene Map Distance (Phage Recombination)

Bacteriophages were first discovered about 100 years ago by Frederick Twort and Felix D'Herelle. Bacteriophages or commonly known as “phages” are viruses that infect bacterial hosts. Bacteriophages come in multiple shapes and sizes. But a good amount of them are tailed viruses that contain double stranded DNA. The head of the bacteriophages has a protein shell which is attached to the tail. Some phages differ as some don’t have double stranded DNA they may be single stranded. Phages are incapable of reproducing on their own. In fact, they need a bacterial host to reproduce. Like any virus, bacteriophages are very fixed to discrete hosts. The host bacteria that we are using is called arthrobacter. Arthrobacter is a genus of bacteria found in soil (Pope et al 2016). Arthrobacter can help reduce hexavalent chromium which can cause some symptoms such as irritations to humans. Hexavalent chromium may also cause lung cancer if inhaled. The SEA PHAGE project was broken down into two parts. The first part which we are currently doing is isolating, purifying and amplifying the bacteria from our soil samples that we collected in the beginning of the year.

The main objectives of this experiment included making dilutions of solutions, plating phage or bacteria, and determining the number of bacterial viruses or phage in a suspension. It was also conducted to demonstrate that two different mutants of phage T4 can exchange genetic material to give rise to wild-type phage. The experiment was used to distinguish mutants from wild-type by their host specificity. The recombination in bacteriophage was performed to determine the concentration of unadsorbed phage from the U series plates, total concentration from B series, and concentration of

Bacteria are unicellular organisms that replicate and multiply by mitosis. Fungal infections occur due to fungi including organisms such as dermatophytes and yeast, which are made up of structures called hyphae. On the other hand, viruses are parasites and therefore require a host cell to replicate and spread.

A virus is a capsule containing genetic material, even smaller than bacteria. The main task of virus is to reproduce. However, viruses need a suitable host to

: In the field of microbiology, there are times when a sample will contain more than one species of bacteria. The goal is to separate each bacterium and culture them independently from one another to identify them. This was the objective of this lab. Each stock contained two unknown bacterium, and the possible unknowns were Eserichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Salmonella enterica. The tests available were MacConkey agar, Endo agar, Hektoen Enteric agar, Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA), carbohydrate sugar broths, Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar, decarboxylase broths (arginine, lysine, and ornithine), Simmon’s Citrate Agar, urease

Each batch of phage was used to infect a different culture of bacteria. After infection had taken place, each culture was whirled in a blender, removing any remaining phage and phage parts from the outside of the bacterial cells. Finally, the cultures were centrifuged, or spun at high speeds, to separate the bacteria from the phage debris.

The study is important to detect if there is a relationship between the amount of phages and the mucus layers in the body because this could help to fight infection from viruses. The information found from the study clearly displays the symbiotic relationship between the phage and the mucus layer of the metazoan host. However, the flow of the article is hard to follow and there are many different experiments briefly explained which could be expanded to help better connect all the experiments. Although the study shows that less bacteria adherence and more phage

For instance, the bacterium is usually an oval shape or sometimes just a regular sphere. It also has spikes that stick at of it. The Bubonic Plague bacteria consists of DNA, RNA, proteins, polysaccharides (pol-ee-sak-uh-rides), and phospholipids (fos-fo-lih-pids). It also includes a cytoplasm, nucleoid, flagella, pili, ribosomes, cytoplasm membrane, cell wall, and capsule. It lacks well-defined nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, also chromosomes. The function is to keep the bacterium from drying out and protect it from phagocytosis (fag-o-sci-toe-sis) also known as engulfing which is when you ingest a small cell or

Viruses do not “grow” in complexity or size. It is important to note that viruses vary in volume, size and complexity, but they do not grow any more unless associated with a host. This is because they are completely dependent on host cells and are therefore referred to as obligate intracellular parasites5.