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Indirect transmission of infectious organisms involves vehicles and vectors which carry disease agents from the source to the host.

- sexual contact (pathogens transmitted in any sexual contact, which can cause e.g. HIV, gonorrhoea),

When CAP occurs, it is determined if the need for hospitalisation is necessary as it depends on the seriousness of the infection. Gram- positive organisms such as S. pneumoniae, naturally occur in the upper respiratory tract, is one cause of lower respiratory infections such as pneumonia, but is also a culprit in causing upper respiratory infections like otitis media. H. influenzae is just one of many bacterial infections that can result in CAP, it therefore can be subacute and present with a low-grade fever and a persistent cough for a few weeks before a patient has a diagnosis. Adults that have very little or no immunity are an easier target for certain viruses such as that of the Cytomegalovirus, which is a viral pathogen that is commonly contracted within the community, other common virus are adenovirus and herpes simplex. When a virus starts to become acute, it starts an infection within the ciliated cells within the airway. When pneumonia occurs from this viral infection, the inflammatory action starts to seep into the alveolar areas and leads to the problem of excess exudation and oedema within the respiratory tract. It is sometimes often difficult to differentiate symptoms of a viral pneumonia from that of bacterial pneumonia (Smeltzer &

It has been identified the highest numbered of reported cases were in infants and children up to 14 years of age5. The most common of all disease was campylobacteriosis which was approximately 69% of cases being reported, followed by cryptosporidiosis which was approximately 115 of cases being reported, salmonellosis which was approximately 8% of cases, and verotoxin producing E. coli which was about 5% of the cases

Patient J.B. presented the office with chief complaints of coughs and sore throat that lasted about seven days. These symptoms are typically seen in respiratory tract infection or inflammation that is caused by viruses or bacteria. The initial differential diagnoses included Influenza, cough, common cold, community-acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis, acute pharyngitis, and postnasal drip syndrome based on the chief complaints. The reason that why these differential diagnoses were considered is because they all have coughs as the symptom. Some of these differential diagnoses have both coughs and sore throat. JD, et al. (2017) states that Influenza A or B viruses can cause a dry cough and sore throat. Troullos,

Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils secondary to an infectious process causing painful swallowing and is more commonly attributed to a viral cause rather than bacterial (Shepherd, 2013). A physical assessment of the tonsils may reveal an increase in size with edema and erythema. This is often associated with upper respiratory symptoms like, headache and cough (Shepherd, 2013). Another diagnosis is pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is also a sore throat which is secondary to inflammation noted at the back of the throat and associated with complaints of pain when swallowing (Shepherd, 2013). Viral pharyngitis is the most common and can be contributed to the rhino or coronavirus which lasts between 5-7 days and presents with associated symptoms like cough, headache, fatigue and mild fever (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). Finally, GABHS or more commonly noted as strep throat is a potential diagnosis. This bacterial infection is most common in children and adolescents. Often individuals present with symptoms including throat pain, fever, chills, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and exudate noted to tonsils or in the pharyngeal (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). This infectious process in younger children may also present with gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain but is not accompanied by cough or nasal

Otitis Externa is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acute otitis media can be caused by bacterial or viral pathogens. Some of the pathogens associated with acute otitis media (AOM) include, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The common cold or rhinosinusitis is likely caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, 2013). Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a result of the S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis and/or B-hemolytic streptococci bacterias. Sore throats or acute pharyngitis is 90 percent of the time caused by a viruse. Bacterial sore throats are often a result of the group A streptococci bacteria. According to Burns et al., 2013, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, groups C and G streptococci, and Arcanobacterium hemolyticum can cause acute pharyngitis. Pathogens that typically cause infections of the tonsils include B-hemolytic streptococci, group D streptococcus, and S. pneumonia (Burns, et al., 2013). The pathogens involved in acute cervical adenitis include B-hemolytic strep, staphylococcus, B. heneslae, viruses, and atypical

The three primary ways of infectious diseases are contact, droplet, and airborne. Contact can be split into direct and indirect contact. Direct contact involves the moving of infectious agents to an impressionable person through physical contact with an infected person. Indirect contact transmission happens

A communicable disease chain is the mechanism by which an infective agent or pathogen is transmitted. The chain requires an infective agent, a source of infection, a mode of transmission and a host. An example of an infective agent could be bacteria, a virus, fungus, protozoan or helminth. The source of infective agents can be transmission from host to host, an infected human or animal, insects, soil or livestock. The mode of transmission is how the infective agent is carried from host to host. Transmission can be by air, ingestion or physical contact. To complete a life cycle or to replicate, the infective agent requires a host.

Campylobacter enteritis is frequent in young children (<4 years of age) and in adults (15 – 44 years) (Ftizgerald and Nachamkin, 2011).

The film Typhoid Mary: The Most Dangerous Woman in America documents the typhoid fever outbreak of 1906 that was linked to a cook named Mary Mallon. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi, a bacterium found in the bloodstream and intestinal tract of humans. Mary Mallon unknowingly infected several families with typhoid fever, including one family in Oyster Bay. This family hired George Soper, a typhoid researcher, to investigate the cause of the illnesses in the family. Upon further analysis, Soper hypothesized that the new cook Mary Mallon was infecting people through food she prepared after using the bathroom.

In van Riel et al’s case report, the influenza virus was isolated from the olfactory bulb and gyrus rectus of an 11 month old female. The infant presented to the ED with fever and shortness of breath. Patient's medical history revealed a delay in motor development. At 5 months, She was diagnosed with non-focal sepsis and was treated with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim for 2 months till her neutrophil concentration was back to normal. On physical examination, she had bilateral crepitations over her lungs and an oxygen saturation of 91%. Chest radiography revealed an infiltrate to the right lower lung lobe that was identical to pneumonia. No bacterial organism was isolated from blood samples on day 1, but she was treated with a combination

Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, a member of the genus Salmonella, which is included in the Enterobacteriaceae family. Salmonella typhi cells are aerobic, gram negative rods that

While going through Typhoid Fever one will experience symptoms such as headaches and nausea. One will have great abdominal pain and have diarrhea, as well as high fevers, and become exhausted. Some treatments include antibiotic treatments. Fo adults, the best antibiotic would be Ciprofloxacin, and for young children, Ceftriaxone. Is this infectious disease bacterial or viral? Typhoid Fever is a bacterial disease also known as Salmonella

Sources of infection : The main source of infection is the faeces and urine of the case and the carrier and indirect cause may be food, fly, finger, fomite, fluids.