Essay on Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model

Researchers such as Logie, Baddeley and Bunge generally agree that the short-term memory is made up of a number of components or subsystems. The working memory model has replaced the idea of a unitary store short-term memory as suggested by the multistore model. The working memory model explains a lot more and in a lot more detail than the multistore model. It makes sense a range of tasks- verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing, it also applies to real life tasks such as reading which involves the phonological loop subsystem, problem solving which involves the central executive and navigation which involves the visual and spatial subsystem. The Working Memory Model is supported by

There is reliable and dependable proof for first-letter access, there is only weak confirmation for syllable access. In both experiments, syllable figures did not contrast across confidence levels and a higher coincidence at confidence levels in the research. (Brown and Burrows, 2013). A Mnemonic is utilized to recollect, and it could be a phrase, a short song, or something easily recalled, and it can assist the individual in finding something that is difficult to remember. For instance, we may use a phrase like PEMDAS, which means, Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally". It stands for "Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, and Addition and Subtraction".

10), an embedded approach, investigating the complexity of relationships of graphophonic knowledge. Additional activities to support phonics instruction include building word lists based on common elements (Pinnell & Fountas, 1998, p. 157), segmenting words into onset and rime (Emmitt et al, 2013, p.12) and the introduction of high frequency or sight words through modelling and sight words games such as flash cards, sentence strips, bingo, word shapes and extensive reading (Fellows & Oakley, 2010, p. 219) ensuring students reach a point of automaticity (Konza, 2016, p. 157), as sight words feature sounds that contradict the rules for learning the 44 phonemes and the point of automaticity allows higher-level comprehension processes to occur due to available cognitive

Our short-term memory is said to require the allocation of cognitive resources (Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968). Peterson & Peterson (1959) conducted the classic study of short-term

People rely on incoming information and stored information to perform their everyday functions. However, humans have a natural capacity of how much information they can attain. We are unable to store all of our acquired information without different systems that organize our information. Working memory is one of these systems that temporarily holds and manages information for cognitive processing (119). Baddeley’s working memory model is made up of four components that allow for temporary information to be stored (109).

He provides a multifaceted analysis of Deaf communication by looking at both the brain processes underpinning language processing and the structural characteristics of sign

The phonological loop is primarily responsible for storing acoustic information. For example, remembering a number. The phonological loop is subdivided into two components. Phonological store, also known as the inner ear is associated with speech perception. It holds acoustically coded information in a speech based form for very brief periods such as 1-2 seconds.

Burgess and Hitch (1999) added to and tested the original model of the phonological loop. They created multiple lists: one with the combination of short and long words, one with short words, and one with long words. Burgess and Hitch predicted that the short list would have a higher recall rate, while the long list would take longer to memorize. However, the mixed list would take less time to recall but longer time to memorize (Burgess & Hitch,1999).

Another positive is the fact that it can be applied, or rather generalised to real life. For example in job interviews when we talk, or when people text and drive, and it can cause us to crash. Finally another strength of the working memory model is that is provides us an explanation for the brain damaged patients KF and SC. As it shows us logical evidence that there is other stores in memory, rather than the oversimplified view of the multi-store model. However, it does have its weakness, one such weakness is its only address short term memory, not long term memory, and therefore it is not a detailed model of memory, as it doesn 't address long term memory. Another weakness is the circular argument, as it makes it difficult to find fault with the working memory mode. The circular argument is that if two task cannot be done together, then it 's assumed that tis is because both of which are overloading on of the components in the working model. If two tasks can be done together, it 's assumed they are from different components of the working model, meaning the model can explain any results. Finally another weakness is the fact that the working memory model has been conducted in laboratories. Therefore it means that it may not be able to generalise these result into everyday

As for the evidence of the working memory system, two British researches, Alan Baddley and Graham Hitch, have proposed a model in how to explain the working memory system. They have suggested that the system contains many different parts, and that the main working part of the system is the central executive. This central part is able to delegate tasks for the low-level “assistants” to handle, since these assistants are not able to actually analyze a situation on their own. The articulatory rehearsal loop is one of the assistances that allows a person to remember, and is the most beneficial in many ways. This assistant allows you to recall information that is previously stated by repetitively stating the information in our head, which is known as subvolcalization, or silent speech. Furthermore, Baddley and Hitch’s model suggest that we are able to see the existence of this working memory through “sound-alike” errors, because our bodies rely on this rehearsal loop or memory to recall information. In a study, there was a control group which was given a normal digit-span test. In the other group, people were asked to perform concurrent articulation when they took the test. Although this concurrent articulation is not difficult, it does affect the use of the articulatory loop and decreases the memory. With that being said, manipulation of a

How does the phonological loop operate in normal functioning? What happens with people that have working memory impairment?

Furthermore, segregating words through onsets –rimes patterns, and learning how to blend sounds through phonemic awareness all play a vital role

Phonology – use of sounds and how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.

Reading is associated with new vibrancy in the left-hemisphere of the brain (Turkeltaub, Gareau, Flowers, Zeffiro, & Eden, 2003). When this part of the brain records a rise in activity and the right inferotemporal records a reduction in doings, then a person increases his phonological skills (Turkeltaub, et al., 2003; Raschlea, Zuk, & Gaab, 2012). This enhances the learning capability of a person and this can be taken to mean that with a reduction in the development of the phonological skills, then a person is likely to develop learning difficulties (Ivry & Justus, 2001). As such, the authors are in support of the phonological theory with regard to dyslexia. In addition, the study has shown that reduced ability to differentiate between phonetics can lead to learning difficulties.

Participants could not correct mistakes in button presses. The experiment included two types of trials: some trials had an irrelevant speech background (a passage from Franz Kafka in German) and some had a quiet background. The order of background conditions Participants completed two blocks. Each block contained 30 trials.