Banks in India - Nationalisation of Banks

Predatory lending has caused many conflicts in the American society. Victims who fall for predatory lending are

Secondly, out of the twenty-five stockholders of the Bank, five of these were government owned. Thus showing support of the Bank by subscribing to one-fifth of its $35 million (Schlesinger 74). In addition, among the Bank’s functions was to hold all government money, sell all government bonds, and make commercial loans. However, no voters could dictate its policies or reign in its power, due to its privately owned status (Roughshod 2). Finally, the government also allowed bank notes to be used as payment for taxes.

As competition increased between savings and loans, banks, and credit unions, banks were eager to attract loan applicants in order to increase revenue and compete with other financial institutions. Jack S. Light, the author of Increasing Competition between Financial Institutions, said in his book that “commercial banks are diversifying their assets toward higher percentages of mortgages and consumer loans, and thrift institutions are seeking authority to diversify their loan structures. Moreover, mounting pressures are working toward, and have partially succeeded in, changing the authority of thrifts to include third-party payment accounts similar to commercial bank demand deposits.” (Light) Because of this eagerness to bring in new clients, they were willing to give out loans without checking into the financial stability of the borrower or the business that was requesting the loan. Unfortunately since the banks didn 't look into their clients’ financials adequately, many clients defaulted on their loans because they could not afford the payments, especially when balloon payments started.

The financial crisis emerged because of an excessive deregulation of business operation of financial institutions and of abusing the securitization mechanism in the absence of clearly defined rules to regulate this area in the American mortgage market (Krstić, Jemović, & Radojičić, 2013). Deregulation gives larger banks the opportunity to loosen underwriting lender guidelines and generate increase opportunity for homeownership (Kroszner & Strahan, 2013). After deregulation, banks utilized many versions of mortgage loans. Mortgage loans such as subprime and Alternative-A paper loans became available for borrowers challenged to find mortgage lenders before deregulation (Elbarouki, 2016; Palmer, 2015). The housing market has been severely affected by fluctuating interest rates and the requirement of large down payment (Follain, & Giertz, 2013). The subprime lending crisis has taken a toll on the nation’s economy since 2007. Individuals who lacked sufficient credit ratings or down payments resorted to subprime mortgages to finance their homes Defaults on subprime and other mortgages precipitated the foreclosure crisis, which contributed to the recent recession and national financial crisis (Odetunde, 2015). Subprime mortgages were appropriate for borrowers with substandard credit and Alternate-A paper loans were

By observing a thorough interview of many borrowers who are already in a state of wage garnishment or tax offset, it dawns upon us that they don’t receive adequate notice or instructions on their options to get out of default. Such revelations can often be quite complex to deal with esp. when it comes to the audacious in lax front-end lending policies for borrowers with as many as 25 or more individual loans serviced by multiple loan servicers with different statements, due dates, and phone numbers.

Attention, you just lost more than 50% of your home’s value and since you are in default on your payments the bank has decided to foreclose. The housing bubble in the United States despite the warnings of financial experts, led to a series of events that were exposed as a result of the bubble bursting. In the wake of such financial devastation was the onset of various homeowner relief programs designed to prevent a plethora of foreclosures and reduce further damages to the economy. Unfortunately, many fell victim to this collapse and were not afforded the opportunity to delay the foreclosure process or outright denied any of the available options by their lenders. Despite the negligent lending practices that contributed to high-risk loans being

Once the US housing market collapsed, it created a credit crisis and crunch in the wider financial markets. Due to the complexity of CDOs many people had no idea how much they were really worth. Many of the CDOS were worthless and it was almost impossible to find the value of them (7). This led to a moral hazard problem whereby there was an overall caution of banks because many had no idea if they were even bankrupt. Inevitably, the interbank lending system crumbled whereby some banks stopped lending to each other and to corporations altogether or only lent with very high interest rates. Many banks who relied on interbank lending for money were heavily affected by this including Northern Rock. Inevitably, depositors of these banks become dubious of their banks financial situation and were provoked into withdrawing their money.

McBride, John. "Is There a Cause of Action for Predatory Lending?" 17 May 2012. Web. .

Financial institutions did little stop subprime lending, the popularity of these types of loans kept growing, and lending companies took quantity of loans over quality which added to the so called “housing bubble” (Burry, 2010). Financial institutions didn’t

In late 2007, America was hit with the most significant blow to its finance sector since the Great Depression. Upon careful retrospection of the nations economic policy since the Great Depression, many discovered that slowly but surely, America had been setting itself up for the “perfect storm” all along. Without question, it was evident that due to deregulation, excessive accumulation of debt (especially in the form of over leveraging), greed, treacherous decision-making, and obscure practices between financial institutions, America’s economy was brought to a screeching halt. While facing the impending failure of the country’s powerhouse banks, the federal government was forced to intervene, saving some banks, while merging or leading others to their demise. Additionally, the United States Department of Treasury was faced with rectifying the lack of credit available to fuel commerce, both business and personal. After jump-starting the nations cash flow with government assistance packages, the government introduced reform to oversee and limit corporations that are deemed “too big to fail” hoping to ensure that no such economic downturn should arise in the future.

It was common prior to the subprime crisis, for lenders to pressure borrowers into with extremely high interest rates. Often borrowers were charged additional fees for services and products that they had never used and that never existed, lenders imposed expensive penalties on defaults (Keren, 68.) Various tactics and methods were used to strip vulnerable borrowers of their value, leaving them in debt and worse off than they previously were. As stated previously, these victims can find no refuge in the state because the state absolves itself from private

The 2008 financial crisis led to numerous mortgage foreclosure rates (Angelides et al, 2011). Many mortgage companies filed for bankruptcy and this because many of them were running under drastic losses. Financial institutions were unable to lend money because they were operating under losses and this slowed down the economic activities. This unease led central banks to take relevant action to provide funds in order to encourage lending and also to reestablish faith in the commercial paper markets ( United States. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , 2010). Not only did the central banks help in relieving the crisis, the federal government was involved in helping the financial institutions by assuming major additional financial commitments. Federal government funded financial institutions dealing with mortgage purchasing and repackaging, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were declared bankrupt. Alongside the two government funded institutions that were declared bankrupt, several other main investment banks, insurance companies, and commercial banks tied to the real-estate lending were

The Sub-Prime Mortgage Crisis of 2008 has been the largest financial crisis to take place since the end of the Great Depression. It was the actions of individuals and companies that caused this crisis. For although it could have been adverted, too much money was being made by too many people in place of authority to think deeply on the situation. As such, by the time actions were taken to attempt to rectify the situation, it was already too late. Trillions of dollar of tax payers’ money was spent trying to repair the situation that was caused by the breakdown of ethics and accountability in the private sector. And despite the government’s actions to attempt to contain the crisis, hundreds of thousands lives were negatively

This is the result of commercial and investment banks lending vast sums for housing purchases and consumer loans to borrowers who are ill-equipped to repay. As consumers begin to default on their loans, banks are realizing the horrendous fact that they have no tangible cash to carry out business procedures. These profound errors in risk management are taking disastrous tolls on the economy.

The Banking Industry plays an important role in the economic development of the country and is the most dominant segment of the financial sector. Banks encourage economic growth by allocating savings to investments that have potential to yield higher returns. They perform their basic role of accepting deposits and lending funds from these deposits. Banks securely save the money of depositors, provide interest to them, and lend the funds raised from depositors to consumers. They are in a wide range of sizes, from large Global Banks to Regional and Community Banks. We can study the structure of an organized banking industry by taking an example of Indian banking industry: