Barriat Research Paper

Obesity remains an extremely serious issue worldwide. Once considered a problem for wealthier counties, overweight and obesity are now dramatically increasing in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). In American, the rates of obesity continue to soar. CDC (2009) recognizes obesity as a risk factor for diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and other health problems. According to NHANES over two-thirds of the US are overweight or obese, and over one-third are obese (CDC, 2009). Treatment for this illness varies; it may include the incorporation of diet, exercise, behavior modification, medication, and surgery. Since there is no single cause of all overweight and obesity, there is no single way to prevent or treat overweight

Weight loss surgery, also known as bariatric surgery is recommended by many physicians to people who are unable to benefit from traditional weight loss methods. However, choosing to undergo weight loss surgery isn’t an easy decision. It is an important decision that will drastically and permanently impact a person’s life. Therefore, before making such a significant decision, an individual should be aware of both the risks and benefits associated with weight loss surgery (McGowan & Chopra ix).

“Bariatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity” (“Medical Dictionary,” 2015). Bariatric surgery is a specific discourse community connecting individuals through mutual interests, shared knowledge, and expertise of treating obese populations. The field of bariatric surgery is a discourse community with several purposes. It encourages innovative surgical and nonsurgical solutions in obesity care. It formulates hypotheses and develops and conducts experimental designs to test the hypotheses’ reliability and validity. Furthermore, it aims to stimulate discussion about its findings.

Weight loss has beneficial effects on glycemia. Weight loss and exercise also improve coincident CVD risk factors like blood pressure and atherogenic lipid profiles. They also ameliorate other chances of obesity. Apart from lifestyle interventions, there are medications or glucose lowering interventions that can be used. Their glucose lowering capabilities are predicted based on their intrinsic characteristics, duration of diabetes, baseline glycemia, and previous therapy among other factors. Ambient level of glycemic control is the only factor taken into consideration while selecting a class of drugs to initiate therapy.

The fact must be faced; obesity is increasing in numbers. However, it is interesting to note that as the number of overweight individuals increases, so too does the various methods of reducing caloric and fat intake. In today’s busy society Americans are willing to try almost any weight loss product on the market in order to reach their goal of "thinness. Americans are turning to herbal supplements in record numbers as a means of attaining their dietary needs and goals. One of the best selling herbal supplements on the market is Metabolife 356â (http://www.metabolife.com/news/100199.htm).

Patients must inform their physician of any history of pancreatitis, alcoholism, gallbladder stones. Patients must not take more than 60 units of SOLIQUA (Lixilan) each day, and must not mix SOLIQUA(Lixilan) in any other type of insulin or liquid medicine prior to injection. Patient must not remove SOLIQUA(Lixilan) from the pen with a syringe and must not reuse or share needles with other people because of infection and other bloodborne diseases. Patients must check their blood sugar levels regularly. Severe allergic reactions may occur with SOLIQUA(Lixilan), in this situation they must stop taking SOLIQUA(Lixilan) and get help immediately if they have any symptoms of a severe allergic reaction such as swelling of face, problems breathing or swallowing, severe rash or itching, fainting or feeling dizzy, and very rapid heartbeat. Risk for Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) is increasing if SOLIQUA(Lixilan) is taken with another hypoglycemic drug. The kidney problems may worsen in patients who have kidney problems due to diarrhea, nausea and vomiting that may lead to fluid loss. Heart failure may occur in some patients with or without history of heart failure when Thiazolidinediones are taken with SOLIQUA(Lixilan). Medical provider should be notified about any heart failure history. Patient should seek medical attention if has symptoms

Obesity continues to increase in the United States and affect overall health and wellness. Adults with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 are overweight, while a BMI of 30 or higher is obese. In 2013, an estimated 57.6% of females were overweight or obese (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2013). With the rise in obesity, the rate of bariatric surgery has risen. There were an estimated 220,000 bariatric procedures performed in 2008 in the United States (Nicholas & May, 2010, p. 4).

policies and therapies. In caring for this patient, USPSTF guidelines should be followed and multicomponent behavioral interventions should be initiated. This would include 12 to 26 sessions in the first year focusing on setting weight loss goals, managing diet/nutrition and increasing physical activity. It is also recommended that barriers to change be addressed with the patient at each visit and techniques to maintain lifestyle changes (Seals, 2007). The patient should be educated about pharmaceutical agents as an adjunct to a healthy lifestyle and then she can make an educated decision. The case study patient is taking Saxenda (liraglutide) 3.0mg subcutaneous injection daily but has yet to see substantial improvement in weight loss. The patient should be educated on proper injection techniques and possible side effects such as nausea which can be dose related (Pi-Sunyer, et al. 2015).

It has three sites involved in appetite regulation ventromendial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus. Through studies using mice, lesions to the hypothalamus has resulted in hyperphagia or hypophagia. In human studies, patients with tumors in the hypothalamus have been shown to be hyperphagia or hypophagia. The regulation of food intake is a complicated process. It involves external factors and signals from certain hormones through the hypothalamus. These factors act as appetite stimulator and appetite suppressors to control energy intake and expenditure. There have been several weight loss drugs developed to treat obesity. Three of the drugs are orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. Orlistat prevents fat digestions and absorption by binding to gastrointestinal lipases. The fat is blocked and fat is not digested and passed out in feces. Sibutramine works differently to affect the nerve cells in the brain that regulate appetite. Rimonabant works as a CB1 antagonist. The drug binds to a receptor without activating it and preventing endocannabinoid to bind to it which decreases cell signals for appetite. The desire is for less appetite. A person will gain weight once stopping the drugs and limited in there use for weight loss. Weight loss surgery is used to limit the amount of intake of foods by decreasing the size of the stomach. The options are the duodenal switch, gastric binding, sleeve gastrectomy and gastric

Soon, in addition to providing care tailored to the obese patient, IR may be called upon to treat obesity directly with left gastric artery (LGA) embolization, which could be a stand-alone treatment, or an adjunctive therapy to bariatric surgery. According to a recent NIH assessment, bariatric surgery is offered to three distinct groups of patients: first, those with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 with no major medical comorbidities, typically after they have failed lifestyle modification; second, patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 and a serious medical comorbidity like hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea or type 2 diabetes are also eligible; third, patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and uncontrolled diabetes or metabolic syndrome are candidates for bariatric surgery.

Obesity is a weight disorder that affects more people every year and poses serious health risks. Obesity can give way to further health conditions such as stroke, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some forms of cancer. In the United States more than 78.6 million adults are obese; and in 2008, the estimated medical costs of obesity in the United States totaled $147 billion (USD), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As the rising costs and consequences of obesity continue to expand, more alternatives to aid in weight loss could help to improve patient outcomes. Does 3.0 mg of once-daily

Since the issue of obesity remains prevalent, there are leading experts in the field of health sciences and exercise physiology who have tried to prevent obesity from increasing. These experts want to stop the obesity epidemic, but they have different approaches to solving the issue. One of the methods that have been working towards becoming a solution was “the development of obesity-preventing drugs”. The experimental use of drugs was run by experts that are a part of the FDA( Food and Drink Administration), they believed that there were many different solutions, and that “one of the most effective” would be a weight-loss drug.(Food and Drink Administration). However, these drugs were often failures and deemed unsafe and ineffective on their

The most common side effects of Orlistat 120mg are oily spotting in underwear, flatulence, fatty or oily stools, urgent bowel movements, gas with discharge, stomach pain, dark urine, loss of appetite, fever, sore throat, chills, and skin rash.

Clinical management of the metabolic syndrome involves the modification of risk factors to prevent or delay the onset of type-2 diabetes. The prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome is based on the management of its individual components. This by definition requires multiple targets and several management strategies to be applied simultaneously. Each of the components of the metabolic syndrome can be improved by healthy lifestyle. Lifestyle modification should always be the primary intervention in people with the metabolic syndrome, but the residual risk of CVD that often remains usually requires pharmacotherapy [25]. Weight control, weight reduction and/or prevention of further weight gain, deserves first priority in individuals

The trial performed by Riva et.al. (2006) is what I will be reviewing this paper. This trial was to measure the efficacy of different methods used to help treat patients with severe obesity, and repeated failures to lose weight. So I will summarize the process of the trial including how the patients were chosen, what methods were used to get them to lose the weight, and of course which of the methods provided the best and worst results.