Chapter 2 Basic Aerodynamics

Airplanes are massive and very complex pieces of machinery, and they help us get to places more efficiently and cheaper than traditional ways. Although we have seen that if

One of attracting concepts has been the use of Turbosail principle to produce lift from fixed cylinders in various engineering applications. With emerging innovative Turbosail type wind turbine technology, it is important to determine power performance and characteristics of such generators as correctly as possible.

In figure 1, the force of the gravity is pulling the person and the parachute towards the ground because gravitational force makes the object fall quickly. However, the parachute slows the person down because it causes air resistance as it pushes the parachute back up and creates an opposite gravitational force. The forces “push or a pull” are called action and reaction forces, the subject of newton’s third law. During this investigation, the push force is the air resistance and opposite (pull) force is the gravity.

This principle applies to airplanes and birds. “Airplanes and birds have an airfoil shape to each of their wings to produce lift. The airfoil shape produces unequal lengths across the top and bottom of the wing. Air splitting at the front of the wing must rejoin at the back of the wing so as not to create a vacuum. Since the top surface is curved upward and is longer it forces the air to move faster across the top than the bottom.

Orville Wright once said, “The airplane stays up because it doesn’t have the time to fall.” The ingenuity of the Wright brothers’ airplane design has changed the course of the Western world forever. The invention of the aircraft positively affected American society by providing a quicker way of traveling, having an influence on warfare, and implementing a better economy in the United States.

Aircrafts are and always have been a great mode of transportation and come with many clear advantages over many other forms of transportation . This in turn may be one of the main causes of their popularity and success over the years. Aircrafts are used commercially, Privately and they even have military applications. Aircrafts have always been an iconic sign of freedom. Even in the media and in commercial advertisements an airplane can be a symbolic tool used to instill security, freedom and luxury. Although there have been a great many advancements in mechanics and engineering of the aircrafts over the years, and many people consider them to be a reliable mode of transportation they still all have the capacity for mechanical or structural failures. In this paper we will begin to explore some of the main causes of these failures as well as the mechanical and structural factors behind them. An aircraft will typically fail because of an excess of stress applied to one or multiple mechanical or structural components. A more exact definition of stress is; “The force perpendicular to the cross sectional area of the member divided by the cross sectional area.”(chapter 8 lecture) There are several different types of stress and certain points of stress on an aircraft are more susceptible to damage or failure. In this paper we will also begin to analyze these factors to provide a more clear understanding of the mechanical and structural factors of aviation. According to Dr. Hans

An airplane wing has a special shape, called an airfoil, that bulges more on top than on the bottom. That shape aids in flight, but is not the key. If this were all there were too it, then how could some planes fly upside-down? When air meets the wing, it splits into two streams, top and bottom. The air passing over the top has to travel farther than the air going underneath, so it is forced to move faster. Faster-moving air has less pressure (this is often called the Bernoulli principle). And the slower moving air below moves toward the lower pressure thus causing lift.

Ever since I was little I was amazed at the ability for a machine to fly. I have always wanted to explore ideas of flight and be able to actually fly. I think I may have found my childhood fantasy in the world of aeronautical engineering. The object of my paper is to give me more insight on my future career as an aeronautical engineer. This paper was also to give me ideas of the physics of flight and be to apply those physics of flight to compete in a high school competition.

Lift is one of the most contested components of airplane flight. There are different theories in how an airplane reacts to air being rushed over its wings. In all actuality the entire airplane promotes lift. Often it is forgotten how the top portion of the airplane and wing plays just as an important role in creating lift as the bottom of the airplane and wing. As stated in How Airplanes Fly “Lift is the force that directly opposes the weight of an airplane and holds the airplane in the air” (Eberhardt). Lift must overcome or be equal to the weight of the airplane (Eichenberger). Lift is produced as the air flows over the body and wings of the airplane as it is moving forward. The wings help to develop most of the lift due to their design. They come in different shapes and sizes, from short wings to very long wings, even a propeller of a helicopter is considered a wing. No matter what size or shape, wings are designed to create lift. According to Newton’s third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means the lift of a wing is equal to the change in momentum of the air it is diverting downward (Eberhardt). Pilots have controls to increase the size of the wing while the airplane is flying, thus increasing lift and helping to keep the airplane flying at slower speeds.

This report aims to investigate the effect the angle of attack of an aerofoil has on the air flow around it. This was done by recording the lift and drag forces the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack. The experimental lift force the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack was then compared with theoretical values. An attempt was made to explain any discrepancies between experimental and theoretical values.

Let’s say a plane is flying at a constant velocity and is not changing in altitude. Newton’s first law states: “Any object at rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will remain in motion unless a force acts on it.” Newton’s second law tells us that the sum of the forces (F) acting on a body is the mass (m) times the acceleration (a) of the body. In the case of our airplane, there is no acceleration because the velocity does not change up or down, forwards or backwards, so the sum of the forces must be zero. (F = ma = 0) In the case of the up and down forces, we know that the weight of the plane is acting down, so the counteracting lift force must be of magnitude equal and opposite the weight (which can be very large depending on the size of the airplane in question)!

To start, the first law of motion is that an object that isn’t moving will stay that way unless it is acted on by an unbalanced force. Next, An object in motion will stay moving in the same direction at the same speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this law is usually called "the law of inertia". Last, the third law of motion states that acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass and the more mass, the more force that is needed to move the

How does drag affects the arrow? The total amount of drag on an arrow is a factor of the shape of the arrow, the speed of the arrow, and the density of the air. As the speed of an arrow increases, so does the drag on the arrow. The faster the arrow the higher the force trying to slow it down.

An object at rest stays in place unless a force is brought to it. 2nd law; force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). 3rd law; every action has the same opposite reaction towards the first action. Generally increasing temperature lowers the density and viscosity, so it decreases the air resistance (Qoura.com). Handkerchiefs can be made out of any materials such as cotton, cotton-synthetic blend, synthetic

The concept of air resistance simple. It is a force created when an object moves through air particles suspended in the atmosphere. Because these particles have a mass, there must be a force needed to move each particle out of the way. Even though the force needed to move each particle is minuscule by itself, the sum of the forces for particles can greatly influence a flying object. On page 69 of The Science of Everyday Things, the author writes about drag forces and air resistance by stating, “In the real world, air resistance creates a powerful drag force on falling objects. The faster the rate of fall, the greater the drag force, until the air resistance forces a