Bca1 Vs Brca2 Essay

A mutation is a random change in DNA, which makes up appearance, behavior, and physiology (every aspect of

1. What is a mutation? A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Women who are at the greatest risk are over the age over the age of fifty years of age. Patients with a family history of cancer, especially in their first degree relatives, may have inherited mutations of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genetic mutations that put patients are risk for cancer. Patients that have a history of breast cancer are five times more likely of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that have been patented by Myriad Genetics. These genes are not rare, they are found in everyone. One of the outstanding characteristics of these genes is their ability to naturally fix DNA. Myriad Genetics isolated the gene from the DNA sequence. The company has created a test that can reveal a possible mutation in those genes, which correlates with a higher breast and

BRCA 1 can help predict cancer, as it is a mutation in the cell layers. It is a human tumor suppressor gene, which is found in every human. It acts as a protector against furthering steps of cancer, and if it mutates or changes, it will lead to cancer. People can have their BRCA genes tested, and see if they have the precursor to cancer. According to a study done by the National Cancer Institute, if you have an abnormal BRCA1 gene, there is a 60% chance of it evolving to cancer over that person’s lifetime. Restating the definition of Sociological Imagination, it means the ability to connect basic aspects to more impersonal historic forces. Using your sociological imagination, history has shown that most people who develop breast

Women with mutations in the p53 gene also may be at increased risk of developing breast cancer. However, mutations of the p53 gene are rare, affecting an estimated 1 in 10,000 individuals (Athma et al., 1996 cited in McCain, 1997).

Being a woman is a huge risk factor, this is because women are 100 times more likely to develop Breast cancer than men, although it can develop in men.

I was reading an article titled "Breast Cancer: Predicting Individual Risk", it is written about a doctor at the mayo clinic in Rochester, MN. "He is widely regarded as the one of the international leaders in the genomics of breast cancer." He says, " Two women with the same high-risk mutation in a breast cancer gene- and thus the same sixty-five percent lifetime risk of breast cancer- could, in fact, have very different outcomes. Depending on how the other 20,000 odd-genes in her genome might be acting in the background, one woman may develop breast cancer at an earlier age, and the other might not even get it (p. 1-2)". He is studying to give women the best information on their genes as possible. Doctors are learning way more about this disease than other doctors in the past which is in return helping woman of all ethnicities with their road to recovery and healing processes. Young states, "According to the American Cancer Society about 230,500 women in the United States have been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer this year. Nearly 40,000 women are expected to die from this cancer this year. Only lung cancer causes more cancer deaths in women (Young, 2011, p. 1)". That is still a big number of women that do

To be eligible for the study the person had to have the BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation and have at least two family members diagnosed with the same cancer. In order for their results to valid they had to address two major concerns when assessing genetic anticipation, which are ascertainment bias and the cohort effect. Ascertainment bias basically means that patients diagnosed with an early onset of cancer are more likely to go to high-risk clinics for genetic counseling. Thus, “ascertainment of mutation carriers in high-risk carriers clinics may lead to the overrepresentation of earlier age at disease onset in the younger generation than in the older generation” (Santa Cruz Guindalini et al., 2016). The cohort effect means that a person’s chance of having a disease can also be impacted by the year they were

For those who may inherit one copy of BRCA, they get a higher chance of getting cancer because they only need one more mutated BRCA to develop cancer.

Mutation is the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a different form which may be spread to following generations, caused by the adjustment of single base units in DNA. The different types of mutations contend of missense, nonsense, substitution, frameshift, deletion,

One may also inherit a gene that makes them more susceptible for breast cancer. BRCA 1 and 2 are tumor suppressor genes that when inactivated they indirectly disrupt DNA repair. This can cause cells to increase the number of mutations they have, which in turn can cause cancer. Healthy cells in the body are arranged in an orderly matter. These cells stay in place due to cell adhesion proteins which keep the cells in place. There are specific genes that signal cells to make protein adhesion cells. When these genes are damaged by mutations, the cell adhesion proteins are no longer able to

A family history of breast cancer may increase your risk of getting breast cancer. Although someone in your family has breast cancer does not mean you will have it too. About 75% of patients with breast cancer do not have a family history of breast cancer. Girls who have a menstruation before the age of 12 and women who has menopause after the age of 50 can increase your risk of cancer. Older women are at higher risk then younger women. Women over 40 who have there first pregnancy is at risk of getting the disease. White woman are more likely to get breast cancer than African-American women, but African-American women are more likely to die from cancer. Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian women have a lower risk of getting breast cancer then white or black women. According to a study, woman who takes birth control has a slightly greater risk of getting breast cancer. Most studies suggest that use of HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) for relief of menopause symptoms for more than 5 years may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer (Breast Cancer Statistics, 2008).

To begin with, mutations (any change in the DNA sequence of an organism) introduce new genetic information into a population by altering alleles (a form of a gene usually arising through mutation) that are already present. Occasionally, a mutation introduces a new allele into the gene pool of species. On the other hand, a mutation may introduce an allele that was deficient in a local population. Meanwhile, it is present in other populations of species. All the different

Point Mutation: is a nucleotide base change in the DNA that is caused by mutation. It may result in the loss, addition or substitution of a nucleotide. Where a single nucleotide base in the DNA strand is altered.