Beach Marine Sediments

Maroubra surf lifesaving club How effective are the coastal management strategies used at present in your local beach area?

* The sand dunes on the beaches. This area is affected by wind erosion as well as the tides if adequate vegetative cover is not present. The main type of erosion, from the sea, takes the sand from the sand dunes as well as the rest of the beach in a rip. The sand is then pulled out to sea where it forms a sand bar. On calmer days, the sand is brought back to the beach.

The longshore drift shapes the coastline by carrying sand from sites of high wave activity to those of low wave activity. The volume of sand carried away from or delivered to different points along the coast can be as much as 2,000 cubic meters per day (71,000 cubic feet), enough sand to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool (Nepf).

The intertidal rocky shore of Caloundra Beach is inhabited by diverse range of biodiversity of animals and plants, many of which have developed high levels of adaptations throughout their existence. The very boundary of marine and terrestrial ecosystem, this environment is subjected to extremes of the physical environment such as temperature, desiccation, wave turbulence as well the ecological interactions that commonly occur in biotic communities (e.g. competition, predation). However Rocky intertidal shores are easily accessible by humans and provide an enjoyable opportunity for passive recreation and for science and environmental education as well.

Coastal management The aim of this report is to investigate Long Reef and Collaroy Beach’s coastal management. Sand Dunes The Importance of Vegetation Sand dunes are a valid indication of the quality of the soil and the surrounding ocean. When vegetation is established in sand dunes, it stabilises it- i.e. gives the dunes structure.

Fine, sandy beaches often occur in areas with light wave action (California's Ocean Resources, 1995). While a more coarse sand is found with heavy wave action (California's Ocean Resources,

sand being deposited upon it. The only reason why beaches shrink is due to erosion and this

Long Island is famous for its sandy ocean beaches. Between the barrier beach and the main coast is the Great South Bay. The beaches and dunes have very different characteristics. The sandy beach is the junction of land and ocean. The sandy beach consists of two zones, the swash zone and the drift line. The swash zone is the area of wet sand, caused by the incoming wave. The drift line is formed by the dead seaweed and other aquatic plants. Behind the sandy beach is the primary dune. The primary dune's main function is to absorb the force of the ocean and protect the great south bay and the island's main coast. In some cases secondary dunes form. These dunes are behind the primary dune and are therefor protected from the ocean. This provides the stability necessary for plant growth. Many time a maritime forests will form on secondary dunes.

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Introduction: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) define marine debris as "any persistent solid material that is manufactured or processed and directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally, disposed of or abandoned into the marine environment” (NOAA, 2015). Marine debris is classified into two categories:

Geology of major natural system: Overall, in regards to geology, beach dunes are known for typically containing parallel zones of an upper beach area, undulating foredune, transition dune, and lastly a stable dune- which slopes upward and away from the water’s edge (Web World Wonders, n.d.a.). Primarily, all dunes are known to be driven by wave-sand

Gullane Sand Dune Study Name: Alina Fowler Candidate Number: 060313725 Centre Number: Contents Introduction About Gullane Aims Collection of Data Equipment Sampling Strategy Soil Moisture Vegetation Human Impact Relief Fauna pH Theoretical Sand Dune Model Results Soil Moisture Vegetation Human Impact Relief Fauna pH Results Conclusion Evaluation References Introduction Sand dunes act as a natural barrier against coastal storms and beach erosion caused by strong, destructive wind and waves. They are a vital part of maintaining our beaches as they absorb the impact

1. One of the paramount topics we have covered in this course is oceanography (no surprises there). Rather than thinking of oceanography as “just” the study of the ocean, I have always viewed oceanography as the study of marine biology, marine chemistry, marine geology and marine physics. Before diving into any sort of detail, one can see (from the above) that oceanography incorporates four fundamental sciences into one topic; therefore, when asked to list three ways in which marine geology and marine chemistry interrelate, the possibilities are endless. Because we are to list just three examples, I am going to focus my answer on the Earth’s composition/layers. The first way these two fields interrelate is though convection currents (mantle). Density and temperature are two topics central to chemistry. Because density and temperature, along with depth, play a critical role in plate movement (geology), the plate tectonic theory is one example. The second way is through radioactive decay. Specifically, we use radioactive dating (e.g., isotope dating and half-lives) to determine the exact age of a specific geological structures. The third way these two fields interrelate is in determining the composition of the Earth’s inner core. I saved this example for last because it shows how marine physics can also be interrelated in marine chemistry and marine geology. We [scientific community] have a sound understanding of the Earth’s composition because of mass, density and temperature

Further development and support of the “Continental Drift Theory” in the 1960s After World War 2, the U.S. Office of Naval Research intensified efforts in ocean-floor mapping, leading to the discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to be part of a continous system of mid-oceanic ridges on all ocean floors, prompting Harry H. Hess to suggest the theory of sea-floor spreading. The oldest fossils found in ocean sediments were only 180 million years old and little sediment were accumulated on the ocean floor. Thus, he suggested that seafloors were no more than a few hundred million years old, significantly younger than continental land due to