Beat Writers, Stand-Up Comics: A Comparative Analysis

Effectively ushering change in society or pointing out faults that have existed and gone unnoticed can be a daunting task for any social commentator. Often, blandly protesting grievances or concerns can fall upon deaf ears and change can be slow or non-existent. However, Jonathan Swift in his pamphlet A Modest Proposal, uses clever, targeted, and ironic criticism to bring the social state of Ireland to the attention of indolent aristocrats. He accomplishes such criticism through satire, specifically Juvenalian satire. Swift’s A Modest Proposal stands as an example of the type of satire that plays upon the audience’s emotion by creating anger concerning the indifference of the voice created. He complements such criticism with sophisticated,

In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain mocked the social institution of organized religion. He also mocked slavery, which in that era, was supported by organized religion. Twain protested slavery and organized religion by using his writings to make fun of them as well. In doing so, he invited readers to laugh at society’s crimes. Maybe he hoped that his satirical exposure of what he believed to be wrong with America would incite readers to a change in societal behaviors and expectations.

During the 17th and early 18th centuries there was a roar of wittiness and logic that came to the forefront of literature in the form of multiple well known Horatian, Juvenalian and Menippean satires (wiseGEEK). The essayist often brought a profound examination and keen persuasive rhetoric that exposed insincere idiocies and outlined the moral and economic decay (wiseGEEK). Satirical works often highlight ideals of reason, order, and social awareness, and thus these works contain a persistent undertone of civility (Holmes). The author superficially uses a façade of conventional traditions, edicts, egotism, and moral codes to incite a new sense of moral and political superiority (Holmes). The satirical literary device was at its peak during the Neoclassical Period in which the enlightenment writer, Jonathan Swift, was exceptional at this writing style (Jokinen). He excelled at rebuking Britain’s flaws and pointed out the hypocrisy at the time by extensive ridicule of the conventual school of thought. Jonathan Swift’s, A Modest Proposal is an inspiration to many aspiring satirical authors, as he is admired as a rhetorical virtuoso that shed light on the profuse moral and political decay. He also exposed the corruption in society by using a sly, yet polished voice. An example of a modern work inspired by A Modest Proposal, is Dan Geddes, A Modest Proposal to Convert Shopping Malls into Prisons. Though this is seen obviously in the Dan Geddes’s title of his essay, he also uses

In the story, “The Devil and Tom Walker” by Washington Irving, the artist ridicules elements of human nature and society. This is called satire and is used commonly throughout the story. Irving criticizes three aspects of society in the story. The three aspects are religious types, the white establishment, and the institution of marriage.

Allen Ginsberg’s revolutionary poem, Howl, is a powerful portrayal of life degraded. It represents the harsh life of the beat generation and chronicles the struggles of the repressed. Howl is a poem of destruction. Destruction of mind, body, and soul through the oppression of the individual. Using powerful diction, Allen Ginsberg describes this abolition of life and its implications through our human understanding of abstractions like Time, Eternity, and self. The poem’s jumbled phrasing and drastic emotion seems to correspond with the minds of the people it describes. Ginsberg uses surprisingly precise and purposeful writing to weave the complex

The story “Young Goodman Brown,” by Nathaniel Hawthorne tells the tale of a young Puritan in Salem, Massachusetts who travels through the “savage” forest, which seems to grow more evil as the story progresses. The quest through the forest ultimately ends with the young devout Brown witnessing an assembly of holy citizens from his town, practicing in sin with the devil. Although this story focuses on a Puritan lifestyle in the 17th century, it was written in the 19th century, serving as a criticism for the way people lived their lives in that time. Hawthorne’s oppositions to this way of life stems back to his Puritan upbringing and family history. He uses symbolic characters to tell an allegorical story with the intent to show the audience

“Satire is a literary technique in which people's behaviors or society's institutions are ridiculed for the purpose of bringing about social reform” (Holt). Swift’s use of satire to address controversial concerns during the time period is one of the reasons this story is still relevant and analyzed by students today. Swift keenly uses satirical elements such as incongruity and parody to deliver uncompromising commentary on English politics and humanity as a whole, and it does it so effectively that he has been called “the greatest satirist in the English Language” (Holt).

“Comedy is a distortion of what is happening, and there will always be something happening.” Comedian Steve Martin said those words in his book Born Standing Up: A Comic’s Life. Chris Rock is a perfect example of a comedian that mixes jokes with social commentary that can and will make some people uncomfortable. His style is crass in your face jokes about sensitive subjects that will make you squirm in your seats one minute and then laugh uncontrollably. Rocks’ 1996 Comedy special on HBO Bring the Pain infiltrated the air with his infamous quotes that cashed in on societal contrast so prevalent during the mid-1990s. A reviewer from the website Variety stated: “The language is crude yet dead-on; as he crawls into the minds of the lazy, women, blacks and whites he uncovers driving forces and attitudes that are far too real in modern society.” Millennials can enjoy his unexpired comedic style now despite the decade lapse.

” Williams’ theory therefore suggests that the terms must necessarily co-exist in order to define each other. The “pervasiveness of consent ” therefore characterises the fifties, against which these Beat texts can be contrasted. Theodore Roszak’s 1969 article ‘The Making of a Counterculture,’ helps define beat ideology as “heightened self-expression and often a rejection of political and authoritative institutions… a negative spirit of the times coupled with a specific lifestyle .” Both On the Road and Howl and their author’s lifestyles of their writers reflect this criterion, in idiomatic and contextual terms, lending to the notion that they are, by the overall nature of their existence, countercultural texts. Roszak’s adolescent counterculture often seems the embodiment of Dean and Sal’s ‘beatitude’ in On the Road “when they pulse to music…value what is raunchy… flare against authority, seek new experience, ” but it is similarly descriptive of the naked, sometime vulgar language Ginsberg employs in Howl “who bit detectives in the neck… let themselves be fucked in the ass.” (13) The Beats admire the vibrancy naturally present among youth, and although this is a style for which their writing has been criticised, it is a move away from the traditionally

The form of Ginsberg’s poem challenges the American culture by resistance from “best minds”. Howl is separated to three sections that include long lines, which look like paragraphs. Resisting

Century apart, Allen Ginsberg and Walt Whitman share similar cultural, political and moral values, which they express in their literary work. Whitman’s writing is considered controversial for the eighteen hundreds. He sets the stage for generations to come breaking way from the strict Victorian poetic tradition by writing in free verse. Ginsberg follows his footsteps when composing his poem “Howl” by writing in long lines almost resembling prose and subdividing the poem into several parts. Likewise, he uses numerous repetitions to achieve rhythmicity of his verse. Ginsberg’s poem is heavily influenced by Whitman’s philosophy. The works “Song of myself” and “Howl” are similar in ideas, structure and underling themes. The two authors protest against old traditions imposed on the individual by corrupt society, stand against conformity and put emphasis on the need for change. They identify with their generation and dwell on themes such as sexuality, religion and the state of American society.

Many American writers have scrutinized religion through their works of literature, however none had the enthusiasm of Nathaniel Hawthorne. A handful of Hawthorne's works are clear critiques of seventeenth century Puritan society in New England. Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter illustrate his assessment by showing internal battles within characters, hypocrisy in religious figures, atypical punishment for crimes, and accenting women's roles in Puritan society. Firstly, Hawthorne's literature often stresses internal battles in main characters. In both Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter, these battles are

Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal and Candide, by Voltaire are the two parodies that ridicule man and society. The messages in these parodies are both gone for a similar kind of group of onlookers, the privileged society. In A Modest Proposal, Swift expounds on a conceivable answer for Irelands destitution and over populace. His work was pointed towards the English, grumbling of their abuse. He assaults the English for conservative issues of Ireland by proposing a detailed arrangement to utilize the gross measure of kids as nourishment. He, as storyteller makes this proposition in such a tone a peruser with next to no training may consider him important, which was not the goal for the piece. His mockery is intended to disparage the English

Poet Allen Ginsberg composed "Howl" in 1955 and it was published by City Lights Books of San Francisco, CA the following year. He composed the poem in the middle of the 1950s, one of the greatest decades in history for mainstream America. It had been a decade since the American and Allied victory in the second world war. Numerous American men returned home to a country in much better shape than expected, with many women having entered the workforce to keep the economy and industry alive in their absence. The spoils of war were great and America saw a great era of prosperity and domestic, suburban bliss. More interstate highways were constructed. Many more cars were produced and bought. It was a classic era for mainstream American culture in the 1950s. Yet in the haze of the suburbs, expansion of television, growth of Hollywood, and cars, present here were the seeds of rebellion and counterculture that was more indicative of the following decade, 1960s. One such seed is the poem

There are many similarities between Whitman’s “Song of Myself” and Ginsberg’s “Howl”. Whitman’s influence can be noticed in Ginsberg’s work which range from a similar style of format, structure, a concern with the general population of America, and the impact that these two great writers had on the rest of the literary world. Another significant influence that Whitman has for Ginsberg is the fact that Whitman had been considered an outcast from the literary world of his era. Whitman appeared as a plainly dressed working man rather than a fancy high societal poet. His long winded style, free verse, and sexual exposure made Whitman stand out from the rest of the other poets. Ginsberg was also not accepted among the poets of his generation. His literary works were banned from the public’s eye. Another similarity was between the two was their subject matter. In the introduction of leaves of grass, Malcolm Cowley said, “Its subject is a state of illumination induced by two (or three) separate moments of ecstasy”.