Behavior Rating Inventory

In a study published by Hung-Pollock and Karalunas, they created an experiment that tested children with and without ADHD’s working memory (WM) to better understand how their executive functioning (EF) developed (2010). In order for an individual to use and learn an executive function, that individual must first use WM to remember and practice that function until it becomes automatic. Hung-Pollock and Karalunas used two types of test to measure reaction time (RT) and apply that data to WM. The first test was alphabet arithmetic (AA), a computer program that would present a question with a number and a letter (i.e A+1=?) (Hung-Pollock C. L., & Karalunas S. L. 2010). Children were expected to replace the letter with the number associated with its position in the alphabet (i.e. A=1, B=2, C=3) and solve. The children were told to press that enter button with would record their RT and then say their answer aloud to the research assistant who then recorded answers (Hung-Pollock C. L., & Karalunas S. L. 2010). The second test, called finger math (FM), was another computer program that presented children with the same math problems as the AA (Hung-Pollock C. L., Karalunas S. L.

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, psychology is useful in many ways.

Psychology is defined by Merriam-Webster, as the science of mind and behavior. It is a study of how an individual's psyche can be created, developed, altered or destroyed. Carol Gilligan, a Harvard Graduate School professor, for many years has analyzed the psychological theory and development, specifically in a book entitled In A Different Voice.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is classified as a syndrome that is comprised of a variety of behaviors that often arises in early childhood and is characterized by extremely high levels of motor activity, difficulties with attention span and concentrating, and/or impulsive behaviors (Cook & Cash, 2011). It has been estimated in the United States that approximately 20% of children and adolescents display signs of a psychological or behavioral disorder according to Luthy, David, Macintosh, Eden, and Beckstrand (2015). ADHD is considered one of the more prevalent psychological disorders in children, with approximately 3-7% of school-age children with an ADHD diagnosis as mentioned by Luthy et al. (2015).

Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2013). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (8th Ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

The ABAS II is a comprehensive measure that assesses an individual’s behavior scale. It was developed by Patti Harrison and Thomas Oakland based on information gathered in a matter of eight years. The standardization has samples for the Parent/Primary Caregiver and Teacher/Daycare Provider Forms for children ages birth to five years comprised 2,100 individuals. The standardization samples for the Parent and Teacher Forms, and Adult Form is comprised of 5,270 individuals that represent the U.S. population. (Harrison & Oakland, 2008) ABAS-II was designed to assess how a person responds to daily demands, and to determine eligibility for services. The ABAS-II has new features in its test that encompass infant-pre-school rating forms, and it has an expanded structure that focuses on the current American Association of Mental Retardation (AAMR). (Sattler, 2002)

Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) crosses gender, cultural, and socioeconomic lines, but it does not render adolescents from participating or excelling in the academic process. ADHD disorder has been defined as a neurobiological development disorder of impaired executive functions that significantly affects self-control, behavior, cognition, and learning. (Anthony L. Rostain & J. Russell Ramsay, 2005) According to a study conducted by the American

A., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Waschbusch, D., &Lahey, B. B. (n.d.). The Children’s Impairment Rating Scale (CIRS).Psychometric properties of an impairment rating scale for children with ADHD. Manuscript under review., 1-28. Retrieved from http://ccf.buffalo.edu/pdf/DBD_interiew.pdf

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior of human beings. Some areas

Semrud-Clikeman, M., Pliszka, S., & Liotti, M. (2008). Executive functioning in children with attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: Combined type with and without a stimulant medication history. Neuropsychology, 22(3), 329-340. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.3.329

This article is focused on the outcomes of children with ADHD with special focus on academic success. It is unfortunate that they end their study with the quote, “ We remain ill informed about

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a neurobehavioral and cognitive disorder that is characterized by inattentive, impulsive and hyperactivity symptoms (Ko et al., 2013). It is a highly prevalent disorder among child and adolescent populations although approximately 15% of patients have been found to meet full symptom criteria into adulthood (Hoogman et al., 2013). ADHD has been related to various cognitive deficits in major areas of executive functioning such as planning, working memory decision making, goals setting, emotional attending (Ernst et al., 2003; Ko et al., 2013; Hulvershorn et al., 2014). In the past several decades, as technology has advanced and become more available for research purposes, researchers have been interested in looking at the neurological substrates that underpin Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Many studies since have found that abnormalities in various regions of the brain are closely associated with specific behavioral and cognitive deficits that that are characterized by ADHD.

Attention was tested using the “D2 attention test” (Brickencamp 2002) and working memory was tested using the “sentences working memory test” (Siegel and Ryan 1989). The authors state that although there is a statistically significant improvement in verbal working memory in ADHD subjects when compared to themselves and control groups after a single dose, it is not enough to significantly improve the “executive variable” because there were no differences between experimental and control groups after one month of

A psychological assessment is the venture of a capable experts, generally a psychologist, to operate the techniques and tools or materials of psychology to ascertain either common or unique facts about another person, either to notify others how they function now, or estimate their attitude,behavior and functioning in the future. The issue of assessment is generally diagnosis or classification. These are the movement of placing a person in a certainly or loosely characterized category of people. This leads to swiftly grasp what they are similar in general, and to evaluate the existence of other thematic features based upon people similar or likely to them. Case history data, clinical interview, psychological tests and behavioral observations

There comes a time when we all come across a specific test such as school tests, driving test, or even as simple as food tasting test. However, there is a difference between regular tests and testing’s when referring to psychological testing. There are several different psychological tests that many psychiatrists, psychologists, and school counselors use to determine certain abilities, however each of the tests are used for a specific purpose. It is vital for the individuals to contain high knowledge of the tests before applying it to others.