Behavior, Socioeconomic Status, And Parental Stress

Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) form a cluster of childhood disorders considered to be “disruptive behavior disorders” (American Psychiatric Association, 2004). Although most violent adolescents have more than one mental disorder and they may have internalizing disorders, for example depression or substance abuse, there appear to be increasingly higher rates of physical aggression found in these adolescents who experience disruptive behavior disorders than for those with other mental disorders. The fact that violent juvenile offenders are more likely to have these diagnoses is not surprising, because impulsive and/or aggressive behaviors are part of their diagnostic criteria. Additionally, there is relatively high co-morbidity with substance abuse disorders, which are also associated with juvenile violence (Moeller, 2001). Individuals with conduct disorder have the following features but this list is not inclusive for example they may have little empathy and little concern for the feelings, wishes, and wellbeing of others, respond with aggression, may be callous and lack appropriate feelings of guilt re remorse, self-esteem may be low despite a projected

TED Talk stated that the greatest risk factors for children who are identified as having conduct problems are that they will end up in prison. 1 in 5 children that are diagnosed with conduct disorder from ages 5 to 6 years of age will cost over $1 million dollars. The book stated that they are often aggressive and psychological cruel to people. They will destroy people’s property, steal, skip school, and many more bad things if you treat it later it will be more difficult. Schools does use some of the strategies and resources that are recommended by The Virtues Project, because it helps to understand the how they should talk to children. I think that families and teachers do not integrate some strategies because sometimes it does not work,

Researchers attribute part of the reason those with conduct disorder can’t cope with adversity and get caught and stay in high sensation seeking and impulsivity is because their brain has “deficits in prefrontal executive function and to rapid maturation of the subcortical motivation system” (Romer, 2010).This causes a disability in thinking clearly and rationally about decisions. Fortunately, multisystem therapy (MST) has been proven to effectively treat CD with the exception that effectivity correlates with socioeconomic status. “Reviews of parent training interventions for treatment of conduct problems suggest that economic disadvantage…moderates treatment response, with youth who are not disadvantaged benefitting more from treatment” (Lundahl, Risser, & Lovejoy, 2006). Thus, it is important to treat, not only the children or adolescents with CD, but the parents too. Conduct disorder can represent the effects of combining economic disadvantage and internalizing the belief that one can have different means to reach their goals. Hence, this may be the reason why people exhibiting CD steal clothes or break into a store to steal cash. However, while there is hope at effectively treating those with CD, it is important to remember that

Evidence indicates that genetic factors may play a role in development of disruptive behavior disorders (Hansell & Damour, 2005). A biological structure of an infant’s brain has preposition genes and chemical responses to develop into an adult (Perry, 2002). Disorders in lifespan development are not biologically set to occur (Dombeck, 2010). Issues’ dealing with environment, education, and way of life has made changes in developments, childhood behavior keeps a child on a continuum between normal and abnormal behavior (Hansell & Damour, 2005). Several disorders currently exist in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) because studies on children, adolescent, and young adult disorders evolved from DSM-II (Hansell & Damour, 2005).

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is one of a group of behavioral disorders in the disruptive behavior disorders category. Children who have these disorders tend to be disruptive with a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures. These children often rebel, are stubborn, argue with adults, and refuse to obey. They have angry outbursts, have a hard time controlling their temper, and display a constant pattern of aggressive behaviors. ODD is one of the more common mental health disorders found in children and adolescents (AACAP, 2009). It is also associated with an increased risk for other forms of psychopathology, including other disruptive behavior disorders as well as mood or anxiety problems (Martel,

If ODD was not treated properly in childhood it will most likely follow them into their adolescent life. When the adolescent is in school and becomes defiant and argumentative people might think that it is a phase that the person is going through even though it is not. This could cause serious problems in the person’s education and their home life, and then so on into their adult life. Also ODD is also often viewed as a mild variation of a conduct disorder (Essau, 2003). The only differences between the two is that CD and ODD have different diagnostic requirements when they are compared. Although the only difference between the two is that CD is a more extreme than ODD. A client with ODD is often most times very out of control when getting orders from authority figures. This is why ODD is a major problem when it comes to being prevalent in adolescents. When ODD is present it is often times very hard for the parent to control the child. The child will often times be very out of control and not listen to the orders that the parent of authority figure is giving them. ODD can become a major problem if not treated correctly.

Lee N. Robbins, PhD., was among the first to publish a large scale research study on adults who as children, showed deviant behavior. Her findings revealed that the majority of adults with antisocial behavior also displayed symptoms relating to conduct disorder as children. Additionally, she concluded that about one third of those with conduct disorder will be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder as adults (Kjelsberg, 2006).

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), opposition defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) are three distinct disorders based upon their respective diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. If ODD and CD were mild forms of ASPD, then there would need to be causal relationship between the childhood manifestations of ODD and CD and the adult manifestation of ASPD. There is evidence of comorbidity between ODD and CD, and also evidence to suggest that children diagnosed with these disorders may go on to develop ASPD later in life; however, correlation does not equal causation. The three disorders have subtle but important differences in their associated behaviors, underlying causes, treatment outcomes, and neurological signs.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is an example of a disruptive disorder. Although there are no clear cut causes of ODD, there are factors that play a role in the development of the disorder. They include biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009). Biological factors include having a parent with a history of ADHD, ODD, or Conduct Disorder (CD), a parent with a mood disorder such as depression or bipolar disorder, parent has a problem with drinking or substance abuse, there is a brain-chemical imbalance, exposure to toxins, and poor nutrition (2009). Psychological factors include having a poor relationship with one or more parent, a parent who is neglectful or absent, and having difficulty or inability to form social relationships or process social cues (2009).

According to Action (2007) children with oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit disorder exhibit more aggression and are more likely to do poor academically. Barkoukis, Dombeck & Reiss (2008) believe that conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder share symptoms. Children exhibit similar behaviors such as being irritable and lacking social skills. The only difference between the two disorders is that conduct disorder exhibits more destructive behaviors whereas ODD does not. ODD is not as severe as conduct disorder. Conduct disorder does not have the emotional component, such as being angry and irritable that ODD carries with it (APA, 2013). Although intermittent explosive disorder is associated with a lot of anger, the disorder also displays an aggressive side that is not a part of how ODD is defined (APA, 2013). Typically with ADHD a child has an inability to sit still for a very long period of time. In order for ODD to be comorbid with ADHD the child’s need to not do what is told by an authority figure should not be in the context of how the child keeps their attention or having the child remain still (APA, 2013). Boys typically display features of

It is also known that when a child develops a conduct disorder earlier on in childhood, this is associated with a lower than average IQ in future years of school. Some psychological factors that may contribute to the development of conduct disorders include the child’s moral awareness, parenting styles, theories based on modeling and operant conditioning, and Dodge’s social-cognitive perspective. Sociocultural factors that are likely predisposing factors to conduct disorders are poor neighborhoods, lack of parental supervision, and hyperactivity. It should be noted that ethnicity does not increase a child’s risk, but poor neighborhoods that tend to be heavily populated by minorities do. Finally, peer influences such as being rejected by peers or interacting with like-minded peers can be predictive of a conduct

One of the pathways being Adolescent-Onset CD. Adolescent-Onset CD is a pathway that is described as people with CD that show less aggression and violence in the childhood stage of their lives, but show it in their adulthood. The second pathway deals with significant callous-unemotional traits (CU). This is described as a pathway that happens prior to adolescence. This paragraph on the CU pathway is about what disguises the significant levels of CU. The third pathway in the article talks about emotional and behavioral dysregulation. It is explained how the emotional and cognitive stimuli can lead to a child regulating responses to emotions.

Overt conduct disorder violate social rules and includes a wide variety of antisocial behaviors such as aggression, theft, vandalism, firesetting, lying, truancy, and running away. It interferes with everyday functioning at home and school. Students with overt conduct disorder “perform harmful behaviors at a much higher rate and at a much later age than normally developing student” (Kauffman 2005).

One of the more challenging aspects of the CD child’s psychological impairments is his or her inability to control anger emotions, or how to cope with anger appropriately. Combined with limited fear response, oppositional temperament, and frequent parent child conflict, the CD child does not gain

As humans we are configured to experience both love and pain, but when it comes to these feelings every individual finds their own personal way of coping. The relationships an individual forms with the family they are surrounded by can be the cause of unconditional love, but at the same time bring excessive pain by external factors. This often leads individuals to develop a strategy in order to cope with the pain. Humans turn to the simplest fix that will ease the pain even if it’s only temporary such as alcohol, prescription and recreational drugs. The results of pain caused by an individuals stress level can sometimes lead to a path of “negative forces” such as addiction, which can have a major impact on family relationships among parents, children, and siblings.