Bemp Synthesis

Diesel is the fuel of choice in the European automotive market, due to the fact that it provides high-torque, efficient alternative to gasoline. The American view of diesel, however, is much less positive overall – most Americans remember the noisy, smoky diesels of decades past and know little about the quiet, clean diesels of the present. One of the best arguments for the switch to diesel fuel in the United States is that a fueling infrastructure is already in place, as transportation companies rely on diesel fuel to distribute goods across the United States (Is Diesel). This would negate the need to construct an entirely new infrastructure, which could cost hundreds of billions of dollars. Diesel is also considerably more environmentally friendly than gasoline, due to the fact that it is less refined (a process which uses large amounts of energy) and that it is more efficient than gasoline (ACEA). The combustion process in a diesel engine, which exerts high pressure on the fuel to ignite it, is the source of the motor’s increased

As a result of EPA regulations, today’s diesel engines are more efficient than ever before seen in large and midsized trucks. Certain regulations restrict truck owners from using certain truck models, because of excess diesel emission. Increasing drastically as technology improves, cars and trucks produce less and less diesel exhausts and emissions. “But because diesel engines can operate for 30 years or more, millions of older, dirtier engines are still in use,” (Epa.Gov). Reducing exposure to diesel exhaust from these engines is especially important for the preservation of human health and the environment. According to the EPA, the United States Environmental Protection Agency,

Diesel, also a byproduct of crude oil, accounts for about 7-9% of the world's CO2 output. With a much higher density than gasoline, one gallon weighs about 7.5 pounds, and releases 22-23 pounds of CO2 per gallon burned. After combustion, one gallon of diesel produces 38.6 mega joules of energy, enough to move an average sedan about 45 miles. However, because it is so much denser than gasoline, one barrel of crude oil will one result in about 12 gallons of diesel fuel. (Strandell,

In recent years increasing interest to methanol as an effective means to produce a ecologically clean fuel, available and cheap raw materials for the synthesis of various hydrocarbons and products of their processing. The most accessible and cheap raw material for the obtaining of CH3OH are natural and associated gases, from which by Fischer-Tropta's method it is possible to obtain hydrocarbons of different composition and structure. The formation of gasoline from methanol, developed in the present time flows through the stage of formation of DME, which turns further into the mixture of hydrocarbons consisting more than 50% of the valuable branched paraffins. Such "methanol" fuel in their composition does not contain sulfur and nitrogen compounds and a minor amount of aromatic compounds. Now, methanol increasingly became used as fuel and also as additives to motor fuels (from 3 to 65%). Methanol increases the octane level of fuels and reduces harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Based on the methanol it is possible to obtain alternative pollution-free fuels such as dimethyl ether (DME) and dimethoxymethane (DMM).

German engineer, Rudolf Diesel, built his first prototype engine in 1893. His engine was different than a regular gas engine (The Dirty Truth About Clean Diesel). The diesel engines required no spark plugs to ignite the fuel injected into each cylinder. Pressure and high temperatures cause it to combust spontaneously. Diesel engines ran on a grade of fuel far less flammable than gasoline. Diesels became the workhorse of the twentieth century. Today, many diesel engine manufacturers in the US are being required to regulate the emissions on their product. Multiple government

There are four main things that stem off of fuel emissions, these are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons. These are formed by the fuel being burned and released through the combustion reaction. The main components of gasoline that combust in gasoline are isooctane, butane, 3-ethyltoluene and an octane enhancer called MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether).

Gasoline and diesel vehicles have been around for a long period of time ever since they were first designed around the 1930’s. The diesel market is in the middle of a revolution. Over the years that diesel has been around there are new enhancements that are increasing engine power and torque, lowering emissions and enhancing fuel economy, creating new and cleaner diesel vehicles. Through advancements in technology, gasoline and diesel powered vehicles have evolved since they were first designed to become more environmentally friendly.

Methanol as a biofuel is an environmental friendly substitute to pure diesel and can be obtained from biomasses. Use of biofuels such as methanol for combustion process is associated with positive environmental impacts. Using pure methanol or blended with diesel fuel in automotive has been proposed by researchers. In this paper, methanol was injected into combustion chamber of a ISM 370 HD diesel engine and exhaust emissions of this engine which took advantage of pure methanol were evaluated by using AVL FIRE CFD code software at four engine speeds (1200, 1400, 1600 and 1800 rpm). Additionally, influences of EGR mass fraction and various injection timings were investigated. For validation of simulation, in-cylinder mean pressure and rate of

Similarly, about 26.2% of the SC4H9Ȯ2 radical undergo isomerization to form the hydroperoxyl radicals, through the reactions of SC4H9O2 C4H8OOH2-3 and SC4H9O2 C4H8OOH2-4. Again, the SC4H9Ȯ2 radical yield also proceed the molecular elimination channel to produce butene isomers, SC4H9O2 C4H8-1 + HO2 (19.1%), SC4H9O2 C4H8-2 + HO2 (22.8%). Meanwhile, some of the SC4H9Ȯ2 radical also react with CH3O2, C2H5O2, C3H5-A, SC4H9O2 radical and yield SC4H9O radical. It is found that the NTC behavior on n-butane ignition is largely due to the branched pathways of butylperoxy radicals, the generated hydroperoxy-butyl radicals will lead to low temperature chain-branching and ultimately promote the reactivity, however, the butene isomers will finally undergo chain propagation pathways and inhibit the ignition [15]

7, at 2 atm, and 1100 K, n-pentane is largely consumed through four channels: a) 44% of fuel consumption undergo H-atom abstraction from secondary C-H bond by free radicals, Ḣ (22%), ȮH (15.2%), ĊH3 (3.2%) and HȮ2 (1.1%), to yield sec-pentyl radicals (Ċ5H11-2), following by C-C beta scission to readily form propylene (C3H6) and ethyl radical (Ċ2H5). b) 22.9% of fuel consumption undergo H-atom abstraction from primary C-H bond by free radicals, ȮH (12%), Ḣ (9.4%) and Ö (1.5%), to form n-pentyl radicals (Ċ5H11-1), which will subsequently dissociated via either C-C beta scission (74.9%) forming n-propyl (NĊ3H7) and ethylene (C2H4). More than 93% of the NĊ3H7 radicals can decompose directly to produce C2H4 and ĊH3 radicals. While 21.5% the n-pentyl radicals (Ċ5H11-1) undergoes isomerization reaction forming sec-pentyl (Ċ5H11-2). c) 19.5% of fuel consumption undergo H-atom abstraction from tertiary C-H bond by free radicals, Ḣ (11%), ȮH (5.7%), ĊH3 (1.6%) and Ö (1.2%), to form 3-pentyl radicals (Ċ5H11-3), which is largely undergo C-C beta scission to produce 1-butene (C4H8-1) (99.8%). d) 10.9% of fuel undergo unimolecular decomposition to yield Ċ2H5 radicals and NĊ3H7 radicals which can largely dissociate to C2H4. At 2 atm and 1600 K, the unimolecular decomposition of n-pentane is the main pathway consuming (59.7%) formed NĊ3H7 and Ċ2H5 radicals. Fuel molecule H-atom abstraction only account for 30.8%, which can be observed from secondary C-H (14.6%), primary C-H (8.9%) and tertiary C-H (7.3%), respectively. Meanwhile, 6.5% of fuel also decomposed by ĊH3 radical elimination to produce n-butyl radicals (PĊ4H9). Therefore, at 2 atm and 1600 K, more pronounced unimolecular decomposition pathway of n-pentane will yield more NĊ3H7 and Ċ2H5 radicals, thus further generate highly activated free radicals and promote the reactivity at high temperature[63,

Which to someone like Gordon Fisher, whose business relies on his 5.9L Cummins Turbo Diesel to deliver heavy loads of hay tipping the scales at 40,000lbs, while still maintaining fuel economy that is twice that of his old 454 Chevy; diesel is a life saver(1). Next is cetane, cetane is as stated here by Keith Browning “...a measure of a fuel's ignition delay.”(para. 2), and is comparable in importance to a gasoline engines octane rating. This is important because a low quality diesel fuel, with a low cetane number will cause; poor performance, white smoke, and lower fuel economy (para. 2). Another plus for diesel, is that in a basic sense it is a very light oil, this helps by providing lubrication to major parts engine parts such as; fuel pumps, injection pumps, and fuel injectors.

SC4730: Module 4 Effects of Contaminants on the Environment. Lab 4.1 Vehicle Sources of Pollution

Diesel and gasoline engines have been each other’s competition since the 1930’s when the first diesel run car was produced. There is one main mechanical difference between these two engines; a gasoline engine ignites the gasoline with spark plugs, a lighter of sorts, and the diesel engine ignites the diesel by compressing it so much that it spontaneously combusts. Although there are a few other types of engines now, such as hybrid or electric, diesel is still superior to these.

When the Ford Motor Company, popularized the gas automobile throughout the western world in the 20th century, a great benefit was bestowed to mankind - faster transportation. The factor of advanced transportation led to a cause for the modernization and industrialization of the majority of the world. However, as we reap the luxury of more convenient transportation, the atmosphere has reaped the luxury of harmful destruction. Throughout the 21st century, alternative fuels such as Ethanol have been discussed a prime alternative to Isooctane, the current fuel choice. Though Ethanol is a viable alternative fuel, especially with the emergence of new 21st century technology, the comparable combustion reaction rates of both Isooctane and Ethanol, as well as the industrial process to produce ethanol as a fuel, may deem it more dangerous and less efficient than the current fuel choice.

Diesel engines began to be used in automobiles in the 1930s. They are used in many trucks, ships, buses and small passenger cars in Europe right now.[1] Many believe that diesel engine are heavier, noisier and generate black smock when running. However, diesel engine’s unique advantages can make them the engine of the future for vehicles. And with much more stringent standard to take effect in the future, diesel engine’s emissions and control technologies are still very much in the forefront. This paper will cover the developments in diesel vehicles emission regulation and control technology for NOx, particulate matter (PM) for diesel vehicles.