Benefits Of A Developed Nation Has Improved Resilience, And Adaptive Capacity

2. The effectiveness of these in addressing poverty, disadvantage and vulnerability of children and young people (Ref. 4.1)

The world economy is a very complex system; in the system harmful externalities disrupt capital flows and determine economic productivity. Most notable of these externalities is inadvertent global warming. Spending towards research and regulation of climate change at both the national and international level are very important in determining current and future business trends. Economists and scientists worldwide continuously debate the pros and cons of emissions reduction and what consequences can quickly follow. Though many have different views on the issue, all can agree that the immediate and long term effects of climate change have become an economic matter of paramount importance. The sweeping impact from climate change will have important fiscal, financial, and macroeconomic ramifications that influence global commerce standards.

In the recent years, global warming has taken an increasingly prominent role in the international society. Today, the great debate over the existence of global warming is over; almost everyone believes that global warming is a real issue that must be addressed. The world is now at the step in which it must take action to combat climate change. In the push to do this, many countries report their carbon emissions. However, in reporting our carbon emissions, many people are jumping to conclusions by wrongly pointing at China as most responsible for climate change.

Resilience is often an indicator of future success as an adult and can help to protect children against emotional and behavioural problems etc

There are numerous points of view on resiliency, as non‑governmental associations (NGOs) perceive that individuals ' capacity to better withstand and recuperate from calamities is basic to maintaining improvement. NGOs, contributors and worldwide reaction groups are attempting to characterize resiliency in their terms. CRS characterizes resiliency as "the capacity of people, communities and institutions to advance integral human development in the face of shocks, cycles and trends" (2014, p.2). The vulnerable individuals themselves best characterize strength and resiliency. What vulnerable individuals accept helps most to their versatility limit is discriminating to current dialogs on resiliency. Contributors and NGOs may have their own meaning of the term; however, an understanding of what it really means to individuals looking to make their community resilient is crucial to outlining successful Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and recovery activities in development, risk reaction and catastrophe recuperation programs (CRS, 2014). The danger of not utilizing the

Climate change has become a major issue in global environmental politics as it has been shown to have a correlation with issues such as deforestation, biodiversity loss, and desertification. As Chapter 45 states “The 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found consensus in the scientific community that greenhouse gas emissions have significantly increased because of human activity and, further, that the modest temperature increases we have already experienced are “very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.” Due to this report awareness was brought to almost everyone of how serious human activity was to the global climate. In 2009, it was declared that “If global warming is to be limited to a maximum of two degrees C. above preindustrial values, global emissions need to peak between 2015 and 2020 and then decline rapidly”. To me this sounds foreboding and it is something that deserves our full attention immediately. To try and get a better understanding of how serious climate change is, I’m going to try and interpret chapter 45 which deals on climate change through 5 different paradigms of International Relations.

Concepts are the building blocks from which theories are constructed. A concept analysis will clarify the meaning of a concept and help us understand the current theoretical and operational definitions of the concept for use in theory and research (Walker & Avant, 2005). The concept resilience was chosen for analysis because of its many uses in the literature today, and the need of a central, encompassing, modernized definition. In wake of the recent tragedies that have been occurring, resilience has become more widely used and its definition has been stretched. If this concept is to be used in its entirety, a centralized definition will need to be developed and a consensus on the defining attributes will need to be proposed.

Commonly, the literature also make use of two broad definitions, engineering resilience, which is the resistance of a system to shocks and the speed of recovery to its pre-shock state, and ecological resilience, which focuses on the role of a shock on pushing a system beyond its “elasticity threshold” to a new domain, or the magnitude of a shock that can be absorbed before the system changes its form.As there is no static classification, in the present paper economic resilience is interpreted as the ability of the countries to keep its growth figure, despite being hit by a shock. In this way, there is an approach towards the engineering

Resilience in an individual refers to successful adaptation, despite the risk and adversity. The manner in which Matson 2004 defines resilience is very clear to me, as I can relate and reflect this to one particular girl that resided in the care centre I worked. Throughout the young girl's childhood, she developed an insecure and ambivalent attachment to both her parents, as a result of their hectic lifestyle of substance misuse. At a young age her father died from the HIV viruses, which lead her mother in becoming depressed and profoundly dependant on drugs. Due to the mother's dependency, she was unable to respond accordingly to the girls needs, given very mixed and inconsistent responses. At the age of 10, due to extreme neglect, the young girl was removed from her mothers care and entered the care setting. Over the years the young girl had experienced several placement breakdowns, and at 13 was admitted to a residential centre. During this time she felt both a

The climate change might actually be worse than previously measured. Many factors contribute to the idea that climate change will affect everyone globally. The decrease in GDP didn’t include the natural disasters and sea rising that the increase in temperature will cause. The 23% GDP decrease only took account of the productivity (Global). Imagine the devastation that hurricanes will cause with the increasing temperatures (Climate).. A Citigroup report suggested that by minimizing climate change to 2.7 Fahrenheit it can save a loss of $50 trillion in GDP (Worland). The author wants to get his

A second study states “Although some records are available from the 1600s and 1700s , systematic measurements of climate began in the mid-1800s. The data include measurements of surface temperature over land and the oceans, precipitation amounts, sea-ice extents, and global sea levels. Since the 1970s, satellite studies have provided additional data on temperature trends at Earth’s surface and through the layers of the atmosphere” (“Global Warming- Britannica”). The second source backs up the first source with exact quantitative data about changes in the first. (See pictures on page 6-7 ). The first topic of the United Nation’s Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report is “Observed Changes and their Cause” which states “Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850” (“United Nations” pg 7). These three sources prove, through scientific observational facts, that the climate of the Earth’s surface is changing very rapidly, therefore, proving that through conclusive science the topic of climate changer is accurate.

While there are many definitions of resilience that are useful, it is argued by Southwick et al. (2014) that many definitions neglect the complex nature of resilience. Determinants of resilience include factors such as biological, psychological, social and cultural that ultimately interact together, then generating a response to stressful experiences (Southwick et al., 2014). Taylor et al. (2011) also exploits resilience as only placing a plaster over the wound caused by macro-structural inequalities in power and resources. It would seem that

Various models help refine the various aspects of resilience theory (Ungar et al., 2013), such as the universal

1. POLICY DECISION AND OBJECTIVES. The 2015 National Security Strategy (NSS) identifies climate change as a top strategic risk and seeks “to shape standards for prevention, preparedness, and response over the next decade”. On 3 September 2016, the United States (U.S.) and China ratified the 2015 United Nations (UN) Paris Agreement on climate change. A month later, the European Union (EU) followed suit, building international momentum to combat climate change. The President of the United States (POTUS) released, Presidential Memorandum – Climate Change and National Security on 21 September 2016. It directs Federal agencies to consider climate change impacts in all national security doctrine, policies, and plans. To maintain momentum into the next administration, the memorandum also requires agencies to specify climate change consideration objectives, milestones, and timelines by 21 December 2016 and to provide an implementation plan by 21 February 2017.

When evaluating if a target is measurable, one would have to assess the magnitude of effort of each desired action. Therefore, looking at target 13.1, which focuses on creating a type of defense mechanism for countries vulnerable to climate related hazards and natural disasters, one would first consider how large the number is of geographical areas that are in need of resilience and adaptation. Nowadays, due to technological advances and an exponential improvement in the engineering of man-made structures and shelters, most first world countries do not experience much of an encumbrance from climate change. This narrows down our number and allows the UNFCCC to focus mainly on developing countries which leaves our target potentially achievable. After taking measures, one can gauge if the desired target is accomplished by observing statistics such as the heaviness in the number of casualties or the amount of wreckage subsequent to a climate related hazard and/or natural disaster occurs. With that said, one can argue that this target (13.1) is in fact measurable. The following target (13.2) requires governments to implement so changes in its national policy. This can be done if no measures conflict with its current goals. Citizens would have to comply with these measures which may result to a decrease in climate change thus leading to less hazards and natural disasters. This target is thus also measurable as it is visible if it leads to the accomplishment of our objective.