Benefits Of Medicare Patients Receiving An Epidural

It wasn’t until the mid-1800s that a PhD student in Germany created an isolated cocaine alkaloid that would be used as the first anesthetic. Albert Niemann, the student who perfected cocaine purification process, noted many properties of drug. One journal esteemed its bitter taste and temporary numbness the pharmaceutical caused. By the late 1800s, the drug’s known applications became increasingly popular. Cocaine became the go-to cure for everything from epidurals to tooth aches. When combined with alcohol, the resulting cocaethylene generated a potent concoction with potent effects, making cocaine

American physicians begin to use cocaine in medical practices. Cocaine was identified as a drug that depresses the central nervous system; however it had the exact opposite affect. The only general anesthetics available to physicians were chloroform and ether. These anesthetics would induce retching or vomit and did little for pain. Operations that required precision and detail

According to Lewy, “Since they were the most reliable drugs in their medicine cabinet, opium and morphine were used extensively by Civil War surgeons as pain relievers and for treating diarrhea.” Lewy is trying to prove how common morphine and opium were during the Civil war and how extensive the use was in treating common illnesses. Apparently “by the end of the war the Union Army had issued 2,093 syringes to about 11,000 surgeons, though probably fewer actually used the instrument. After the war many Yankee physicians recalled that syringes had been unavailable to them in the field, but contradicting evidence suggests that physicians often used syringes, especially towards the end of the war.”2 Syringes were available to surgeons during the Civil War, and allowed room for plenty of administration of drugs, which led to an increased chance for addiction. Opium and morphine were the drug of choice during this time, and some of the

Next, there is an extensive history of opioid use for pain management, and other symptom management as well. Morphine can be traced back to Civil War veterans trying to manage pain and, consequently, being addicted. “‘Drugs were already on the scene and being consumed at alarming rates long before the start of the war,’ said Mark A Quinoes, a scholar who studied drug abuse during the Civil War.” It was not until 1898 that heroin was on the market for commercial sale, considered a “wonder drug,” it began to spread in use along with users that found out injecting it would increase its effects. There was little known about these new opioids, they were even used as cough suppressants. Heroin worked for what is was being used as, a pain suppressant, and there were few other options. In 1914 the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act imposed a tax on importing and selling opium or coca leaves. In 1924 doctors were avoiding using opioids after being aware of their addictive nature which lead heroin becoming illegal. Without this opioid, doctors had to get creative when treating World War II soldiers, this sparked research into nerve blockers. These nerve blockers managed pain without the use of surgery. This was, unfortunately, not the end of the opioid. While these results were shocking the pharmaceutical industry still faces much leniency from the federal

The earliest form of painkillers was first created in the 16th century where people used laudanum or opium prepared in alcoholic solution as pain relivers. In the early 19th century, people extracted morphine from old opium poppy plants and this form of painkiller was most commonly used in the American Civil War. As Morphine was found to be very addictive, chemists in the 1870s produced heroin that did not turn out to be a success as it was proved to be more addictive than morphine. Many other synthetic opiates such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet were produced respectively in 1984, 1995 and 1999. However, these synthetic opiates could only be given if prescribed by a doctor as they could also be addictive. There were also other options of

Thanks for sharing your story. I know that epidural has become increasingly common for childbirth and has been an ideal tool for many doctors to offer patients with relief from the pains of labor and delivery; however, I was disappointed to those doctors or nurses who kept questioning you about this option although you did not want it at first. Your experience truly shows how physicians gave over medical control to this procedure rather than view it as a part of natural birth; but yet I guess it really depends on the nature of the cases, every woman and every labor are different. Probably, if I were in your situation, I would do the same thing too, especially if the baby had a fever and still inside of me, as a mother, like you, I would definitely

Learning about the potential complications of epidural reinforced my knowledge in being able to choose the right anaesthetic monitoring equipment. Knowing that Spinal and epidural anaesthesia can cause unpredictable and profound arterial hypotension necessitate the use of adequate monitoring like the; Pulse oximetry, ECG and Blood pressure cuff. This knowledge will help me to be able to select appropriate monitoring devices during epidural catheter insertion. Also it goes without saying that an epidural must be performed in a work area that is equipped for airway management and resuscitation.

Opioid drugs and their receptor is one of the most extensively studying areas in pharmacology. This field of research really began from isolation of morphine, an active ingredient of opium, by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner in 1989. The compound he managed to isolate was called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of dream. Later Pierre Robiquet in France isolated the second predominant alcholoid of opium, codeine. After the discovery that morphine can be used as anesthetic in some medical procedures, it became widely used during surgeries (Brownstein, 1993). In 1898, the Bayer Company in Germany synthesized another opioid compound, heroin. Heroin was a non-prescription drug, which was thought to be more potent than morphine in producing analgesia, and more powerful than codeine in cough suppression. The legal production of heroin was suspended in 1925 when high levels of heroin addiction were noticed (Hosztafi, 2001, Tsisanova, 2012). In 1939, Otto Eisleb synthesized meperidine, first opioid ligand structurally not related to morphine. This was followed by the discovery of methadone by Max Bochmühl and Gustav Ehrhart just before the Second World War in unfortunate attempt to synthesize addiction-free opioid (Sneader, 2005, Tsisanova, 2012). 1940s were marked with the discovery of opioid antagonists, nalorphine and naloxone. The later compound is still widely used in research as well as clinically

Childbirth is the action of giving birth to a child, it is a process which includes stages such as, the dilation of the cervix, emergence of the baby, then the placenta being expelled. In fact, the mother gets to choose rather or not she has a natural child birth. The mother’s options include, a non-medicated, or a medicated childbirth, in which the mother is prescribed epidural. However, in some instances the mother does not get to choose if she is prescribed with epidural. For example, if the baby is coming sooner than the doctor expected that leads to an emergency birth or if the mother is under eighteen, then the mother may have to give birth unmediated. Epidural is a powerful drug, so any mother under the age of eighteen would need a form

The use of epidural analgesia negatively affect the parent- newborn relationship, because the drug causes complications for both parties. First, the labor becomes prolong, which put stress on the mother and newborn. Also, when the newborn becomes exposed to the drug he or she tend to be sleepy and withdrawn, which does not provide the mother and child a chance to bond. This takes away from the emotional attachment a baby receives from their mother, when their initially placed in their arms. Also, the drug effects the newborn ability to be breastfed, because he or she suck poorly, and tend to be irritable when awake. Further, creating a negative mother-newborn interaction, because the newborn is withdrawn emotionally and physically from their

120 patients were randomized by a computer-generated random allocations sequence into 2 groups of 60. Group I received Interlaminar Epidural Injections with local anesthetic only, and Group II received Interlaminar Epidural Injections with local anesthetic combined with nonparticulate Betamethasone. The study patients as well as the medical staff administering the injections were unaware of the patients’ assigned groups. The injections were also clear so no difference could be observed. An additional blinding was performed by mixing non-study patients coming in for routine injections with study

Spinal anaesthesia is very popular for caesarean delivery because it offers a fast, profound, and symmetrical sensory and motor block of high quality [8] with a low risk of toxicity of the drug, due to its small dose and volume [9].

Patients have a choice to deliver their babies without any form of pain medication and having a natural delivery is a painful process. Many women view this process as the worst pain they have ever experienced in their lifetime (Sng et al., 2014). The laboring process starts out as mild to severe pain. When the level of pain becomes unbearable, patients often seek out ways to relieve their pain and often times, it is done through epidural analgesia. The controversial issue among pregnant women is knowing when the correct time to request an epidural. The aim of this review is to provide evidence base information on the safety of early initiation versus late initiation of epidural analgesia and its maternal and fetal outcome (Sng et al., 2014). The relevance of this topic is to see if epidural timing can cause an effect on the laboring process such as increasing the risk of caesarean

For most pregnant women, the anticipation of what to expect during labor is a major concern. Since pain is expected, or at least discomfort, the first question most asked is, “What can I do to prevent, or at least relieve to some degree, the pain associated with labor if I want to avoid medical interventions or side effects associated with medical pain relief such as epidurals and pain medication?” This research study will look deeper into this question and research the pros and cons of three of the most commonly chose pain reduction methods; Bradley, Lamaze, and Mongan (HypnoBirthing) as well as establishing a degree of satisfaction and effectiveness based on survey answers from women who have given birth in the last year that

benefits continued to up one year. So, epidural calcitonin is considered as a new modalitity therapeutic