PROJECT STUDY MODULE
(SCIENCE FOUNDATION)
What Are the Benefits of using Phase and NSP Enzymes in Poultry Feed?
TONIBI I. SENIBO
149054259.
2/07/2015. Table of Contents Page
1. Abstract …………………………………… 3
2. Glossary ……………………………………… 3
3. Introduction ……………………………………. 4
4. Aims and objectives ………………………… 6
5. Findings and Analysis ……………………… 7
6. Results ………………………………………. 11
7. Discussion & Conclusion ……………………... 14
8. Bibliography ……………………………….... 15
GLOSSARY
1. NSP- Non-Starch Polysaccharides
2. U/kg – units per kg
3. P-low diet – diet low in phosphorus
4. SBM – soybean meal
5. NC – negative control
6. PC – positive control
7. P-retention – phytase retention
ABSTRACT
Adding exogenous enzymes to poultry feed is now a very common necessity in the agricultural industry as a result of its commercial, environmental and animal benefits. Birds are mono-gastric animals, therefore, their endogenous enzymes, working alone, are unable to digest most nutrients in their corn-SBM based diets, hence the need for exogenous enzymes. These enzymes when added to poultry feed helps with the digestion of phytate or phytic acids, polysaccharides like; xylans and beta-glucans. They also allow maximum retention of nutrients required by the bird, reduce intestinal viscosity, improve faecal moisture, enhance intestina bacterial proliferation, and improve growth. In short, enzymes are
This experiment looked at how substrate concentration can affect enzyme activity. In this case the substrate was hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme was catalase. Pieces of meat providing the catalase were added to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in order to measure the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentrations on the enzyme’s activity. The variable measured was oxygen produced, as water would be too difficult to measure with basic equipment.
The use of multiple test tubes and Parafilm was used for each experiment. Catechol, potato juice, pH 7 phosphate buffer, and stock potato extract 1:1 will be used to conduct the following experiments: temperature effect on enzyme activity, the effect of pH on enzyme action, the effect of enzyme concentration, and the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. For the temperature effect on enzyme activity, three test tube were filled with three ml of pH 7 phosphate buffer and each test tube was labels 1.5 degrees Celsius, 20 °C, and 60 °C. The first test tube was placed in an ice-water bath, the second test tube was left at room temperature, and the third test tube was placed in approximately 60°C of warm water. After filling the test tubes with three ml of the
There are many types of enzymes and each has a specific job. Enzymes are particular types of proteins that help to speed up some reactions, such as reactants going to products. One of them is the amylase enzyme. Amylases are found in saliva, and pancreatic secretions of the small intestine. The function of amylase is to break down big molecules of starch into small molecules like glucose; this process is called hydrolysis. Enzymes are very specific; for example, amylase is the only enzyme that will break down starch. It is similar to the theory of the lock
In the novel ‘Feed’, M.T Anderson proposed a human can have a small chip placed in the head, that feeds them the best deals, and latest trends, as well as providing all the functions laptops and cell phones used today could provide, and in having this chip implanted in their heads, it encourages buying the best bargains and purchasing the latest products, and keeping up with the trends that are changing daily. Throughout the Novel, Anderson plays with the idea technology as negative effects on society. He shows a society where people’s ability to think is decreasing, as is their emotional capacity, where corporations run the system and have let the environment suffer because of it. He shows a society where advertising and consumerism are driving the human race, and reducing people’s humanity.
Introduction:Enzymes are made up of proteins which are produced within living cells and act as catalysts which speed up chemical reactions. They are made up of long chains of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Enzymes are structured to be
These results shown from this experiment led us to conclude that enzymes work best at certain pH rates. For this particular enzyme, pH 7 worked best. When compared to high levels of pH, the lower levels worked better. The wrong level of pH can denature enzymes; therefore finding the right level is essential. The independent variable was the amount of pH, and the dependent being the rate of oxygen. The results are reliable as they are reinforced by the fact that enzymes typically work best at neutral pH
Enzymes are a very important to the biological process. Enzymes help break down food and are essential in helping convert that food to energy. Enzymes have a single function, which makes them unique and need specific conditions in order for the reaction to occur. Every function in an organism has its own unique enzyme (What are enzymes?). One important thing to know about enzymes is that they are proteins. According to rsc.org enzymes are efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions and they, “speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy” (Enzymes).
Enzymes are an organic substance that are made up of polymers of amino acids that help the digestive system and metabolic processes in living organisms (Funk and Wagnalls, 2016). Enzymes are able
The purpose of this experiment was to determine (1) the reaction rate of an amylase enzyme in starch and (2) the environmental factors that can affect the enzymatic activity. The hypothesis, in relation to the enzymatic activity by variables such as the substrate concentrations, temperature, PH and chemical interactions on the rate of reaction, stated
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which accelerate the speed of chemical reactions in the body without being used up or changed in the process. Animals and plants contain enzymes which help break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins into smaller molecules the cells can use to get energy and carry out the processes that allow the plant or animal to survive. Without enzymes, most physiological processes would not take place. Hundreds of different types of enzymes are present in plant and animal cells and each is very specific in its function.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reaction in certain biological functions. They play a vital role in many aspects of human physiology and are necessary for the functioning of a number of systems, for example in the digestive system to help to break down food. All enzymes have a unique active site that can fit on to a particular molecular arrangement on a target substrate; a substance e.g. carbohydrate, protein, or fat, that the enzyme is designed to breakdown. There are a number of different enzymes in the human body; each type produced specifically to perform a certain role. Enzymes are not themselves destroyed in the reaction to break down a
Enzymes are high molecular weight molecules and are proteins in nature. Enzymes work as catalysts in biochemical reactions in living organisms. Enzyme Catecholase is found on in plants, animals as well as fungi and is responsible for the darkening of different fruits. In most cases enzymatic activities are influenced by a number of factors, among them is temperature, PH, enzyme concentration as well as substrate concentration (Silverthorn, 2004). In this experiment enzyme catecholase was used to investigate the effects of PH and enzyme concentration on it rate of reaction. A pH buffer was used to control the PH, potato juice was used as the substrate and water was used as a solvent.
Enzymes are central to every biochemical process. Due to their high specificity they are capable of catalyzing hundreds of reactions that signifies their vast practical importance.
Combination of aspergillopeptidase A and Aspergillus acid carboxypeptidase was efficient in deodorizing and debittering soybean protein hydrolysates(Article 2009). Alcalase treated wheat gluten hydrolysates had less bitterness level and overall acceptability of the product increased(Koo et al. 2014).
In this lab we looked at the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of starch and the effect that temperature and pH has on this enzyme. Enzyme’s work as catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions within cells (Cooper, 2000). In order to do this, enzymes must show two essential properties: these two fundamental properties of enzymes include increasing the rate of chemical reactions without being eternally altered by the reaction and accelerating the reaction rate with keeping the reactants and products in chemical equilibrium (Cooper, 2000). Enzymatic catalysis is necessary for life. Most biochemical reactions would not occur under the mild temperatures and pressures