Beriberi In Developing Countries

The pyruvate is then imported in to the mitochondria and then it is metabolized by PDC to make acetyl CoA. The acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate by citrate synthase to generate citrate. Then the citrate is exported in the cytoplasm and then it is split in to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by ATP- citrate lyase. Oxaloacetate would be reduced to malate which is then converted in to pyruvate by the malic enzyme which relases NADPH. The pyruvate is then recycled back in to the mitochondria and it is carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase to make oxaloacetate and this would drive the citrate

One of the most significant reactions in Glycolysis is reaction one which involves the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. Through the transfer of the hydrolysis of ATP, this supplies energy for the reaction and makes it essentially irreversible, having a negative free energy change, which allows for a spontaneous reaction in cells. Although the preparatory phase is energy consuming and uses up 2 ATP, the pay off phase synthesizes 4 molecules of ATP, with the transfer of 4e- via 2 hydride ions to 2 molecules of NAD+. Therefore, a net gain of 2 ATP is achieved through the glycolytic pathway alone. Following the glycolytic pathway, due to the absence of oxygen, as oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to undergo aerobic respiration, the athlete will instead, undergo lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation involves pyruvate that is formed from the glycolytic pathway to be reduced to lactate, with the aid of the enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, while the coenzyme Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is oxidised to NAD+. The product NAD+ then re-enters the glycolytic pathway in order to produce 2 ATP. This process of lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP for each cycle, and thus, rapidly supplies the body with a small amount of energy. However, with the buildup of lactic acid in the body, the athlete will eventually encounter the feeling of discomfort as this accumulation of lactate causes the body to

A diuretic is any substance that increases the amount of fluid excreted as urine. This can have a negative effect on homeostasis because it can make the fluid that the body actually needs leave too.

The acetyl group from pyruvate is oxidised in a series of nine reactions; the citric acid cycle. Also known as the Krebs cycle, it is the second stage of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a 3 stage process where organic fuel molecules are broken down, in the presence of oxygen, to harvest energy. These reactions occur in the mitochondrial matrix.

Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, however, this stage does require oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria. During the Krebs cycle, pyuvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. This begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule and more carbon dioxide is released. Then, high-energy electrons are passed to electron carriers and taken to the electron transport chain. All this produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2 molecules.

The central nervous system finds an alternative source of energy derived from fatty acids. This energy comes for the process of lipolysis in adipose tissue. Lipolysis it is the brake down of triglycerides that produces a glycerol and three fatty acids. These fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA. In the liver, ketone bodies are produced from the over production of acetyl CoA (2). The liver produces ketone bodies because it can no longer metabolize acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to provide energy. As the fuel source, ketones flow from the liver into the blood which transports them where energy is required. Once they reach their destination, such as the brain of skeletal muscles (2), they are converted back into acetyl CoA and produce energy through the Krebs cycle. Because ketones are lost in urine due to the Krebs cycle not having enough intermediate oxaloacetate, low amounts of energy are available. Even though ketone bodies provide energy for the body, some processes still need glucose. The glycerol derived from lipolysis can be used to make pyruvate and, ultimately, glucose through

This occurs as glucose is phosphorylated, a reaction catalyzed by hexokinase, during the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule. Glucose 6-phosphate is produced, and is rearranged, converting it into fructose - 6 - phosphate. It is at this stage where the metabolic pathway converting fructose into pyruvate begins . Fructose-6-phosphate binds to hexokinase, or phosphofructokinase to be phosphorylated by another ATP molecule, resulting in fructose- 1,6 bisphosphate. The aldolase enzyme functions to cleave the fructose- 1,6 bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Beriberi is caused by vitamin B1(thiamine) deficiency. Beriberi falls into two types: wet beriberi and dry beriberi. Wet Beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system. Dry beriberi affects the nerves, leading to a loss of muscle strength. Beriberi can be life threatening if not treated. If an individual has a diet composed of food rich in thiamine, it is unlikely they will get beriberi. Beriberi occurs mostly in individuals with alcoholism. Symptoms of beriberi include: difficulty speaking, mental confusion, pain, vomiting, rapid heart rate, short of breath, etc. The key nutrient that is lacking in beriberi is vitamin B1(thiamine). There are many foods that are rich in thiamine, such as: brown rice, oatmeal, kale, asparagus, potatoes,

This happens during intense physical activities. In this process, the pyruvate gains a hydrogen atom to for lactate. There is then a lactate build up and then an oxygen debt that the

The Kreb’s Cycle occurs in the mitochondria, and is aerobic, meaning that it needs oxygen. The first thing that occurs, is that CO2 in the pyruvic acid is let off, and the NAD+ then becomes NADH. The leftover carbons then join with the four carbons which produces citric acid, and them forms the six carbon molecules. Carbon is released twice during this process, which leaves 4 carbon molecules after NAD+ is converted to NADH. After the ADP converts to ATP, as well as the FAD becoming FADH2, the remaining four carbon molecule go back into the equation to join with the carbon from the second pyruvic acid molecule.

Pyruvate Oxidation is the second step that takes place in the mitochondria matrix. Upon entering the mitochondrial matrix, a multi-enzyme complex converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA. In the process, carbon dioxide is released and one molecule of NADH is generated.

unlike the glycolytic process without oxygen which also produces ATP, the pyruvic acid that results

Potassium-sparing diuretics combine and block the intracellular aldosterone receptor, which then reduce the expression of gene that code for epithelial sodium ion channel (ENaC) and Na+/K+ ATPase (Katzung & Trevor, 2015).

The pyruvic acid holds most of the high energy of glucose. That energy is then gathered in the second stage of cellular respiration, known as the citric acid cycle.

The Krebs cycle also known as the Citric Acid cycle, is the second part of the three steps in which cellular respiration happens. The Krebs cycle was discovered and named after Hans Krebs, a German scientist. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell, occurring between glycolysis, which breaks down glucose turning into pyruvate, and oxidative phosphorylation, which is what creates ATP. This is processes where the body harvests energy from the food we consume. The Krebs cycle takes in the energy stored in the bonds of acetyl CoA. The energy taken in from the Krebs cycle is then passed on to oxidative phosphorylation, where it is transformed to a usable form of cellular energy, ATP. We then use that energy to move, breathe, for our hearts to beat, along with many other functions. The Electron transport chain is the third step in the process of cellular respiration, after the Krebs cycle. “The main purpose of the electron transport chain is to build up a surplus of hydrogen ions (protons) in the intermembrane space so that there will be a concentration gradient compared to the matrix of the mitochondria.”(Quia, N.D) The electron transport chain is made up of four protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.