Beta Cells : The Disposable Rise Of Diabetes

One way is through injections. If a person chooses to inject insulin they do so by using syringes or pen needles via insulin pens. Insulin pens are convenient for a person who is “on the go” and has somewhat of a busy lifestyle. Insulin injections are for people who will need a mixture of insulins. This mixture of injections may contain a combination of a long-acting insulin, together with a rapid-acting insulin. Three or more insulin injections a day has been shown to improve blood sugar levels. Another way insulin can be administered into the body is via an insulin pump. An insulin pump is a cell phoned sized device worn on the outside of your body. A tube connects a reservoir of insulin to a catheter that's inserted under the skin of your abdomen. This type of pump can be worn in a variety of ways, such as on your waistband, in your pocket, or with specially designed pump

Treatment of diabetes, like most areas of medicine, has changed considerably over the years as a result of technological advances. Because of technology nowadays insulin was created to help improve diabetic persons. According to a website called Diabetes Self-Management insulin is “a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas to help move glucose from the blood into body cells for energy” and “people with Type 1 diabetes lose the ability to produce insulin and must inject it.”

All patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) require insulin therapy at some point to adequately manage their disease state.5 Traditional treatment of DM therapy, which ultimately includes subcutaneous injection of insulin, is often met with apprehension among diabetic patients due to the inconvenience and discomfort of injecting oneself. Administration of insulin by methods other than injection has been investigated since the discovery of insulin in the 1920s.6One such

7. When is it necessary to consider changing from an oral diabetes medication to insulin injections?

There is no indefinite way to treat diabetes. Diabetics must determine their blood sugar levels with a glucometer, and then obtain the correct amount of insulin. The insulin can be administer with different methods. Insulin can be injected into the blood stream with a syringe. Blood sugar must be monitored frequently. Another method is using an insulin pump. The pump is worn at the wait and a catheter is inserted in the abdomen. Pumps are designed to produce the correct amount of insulin into the body as needed. Bionic pancreases are in the process of being created and refined as a more accurate, real time, way to monitor blood sugar, and inject

Administration of this type is only once or twice a day. It provides a basal insulin level due to its extended release during a time of fasting. The release impairs glucose production in the liver to help maintain a leveled blood glucose reading. Examples of long lasting insulin include insulin glargine and insulin detemir. (2) Different modifications of insulin’s structure results in the slower absorption and longer duration of action. Researchers used this to develop long lasting insulin to help maintain baseline levels in the body. Insulin glargine has a substitution of glycine for asparagine and the addition of two arginine molecules compared to human insulin. These changes are enough to alter the pH of the insulin. When the insulin is injected subcutaneously it precipitates out forming a bolus. The precipitate slows absorption but extends the duration. These properties are essential when trying to obtain a basal level within the body over a long period of time. Glarine usually lasts 24 hours, which means it only has to be injected once daily. Insulin detemir contains a fatty acid side chain which increases its binding to proteins such as albumin. The binding prolongs the action of the insulin but it must still be administered twice a day.

The disease type one diabetes happens when the human immune system destroys the beta cells that are in our pancreas. The beta cells are responsible for making the insulin in our pancreas. Insulin is a hormone in our body that works like a key does in a door. Insulin unlocks our cells to let sugar into our cells from our blood stream. Our body then can utilize the sugar for energy. People that have the disease type one diabetes have very little insulin because their beta cells in their pancreas have been destroyed. People that have the disease type one diabetes have high levels of sugar in their blood because the sugar cannot get into their cells.

Diabetes type 2 is a condition in which blood sugar levels are too high. After eating foods that contain carbohydrates, chemicals in the small intestine break down the carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules called glucose. The cell lining of the small intestine absorbs the glucose, which then passes into the bloodstream. When the blood reaches the pancreas, beta cells in the pancreas detect the rising glucose levels. To reduce the glucose level, beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream. As the blood circulates through the body, the insulin and glucose exit the bloodstream into tissue to reach the body’s cells. Most cells of the body have certain receptors on their surface that bind to the circulating insulin. Insulin acts like a key in a lock to open up the cell so that the circulating glucose can get inside the cell. The cell can use the glucose to produce the energy it needs to function properly. If a person has insulin resistance, insulin cannot unlock the cells to let glucose in because the locks, called receptors, are abnormal and/or missing. As a result, glucose is locked out of the cells. The amount of glucose builds up in the bloodstream in a condition called hyperglycemia. To compensate for hyperglycemia, the pancreas produces more and more insulin. Overworked beta cells try to keep with the demand, but gradually lose their ability to produce enough insulin.

Rapid-acting Insulin: After the injection it starts working with approximate time of 15 minutes and it will be in peak for one hour but it continues to work for 2 to 4 hours. This can be usually taken prior to a meal and in addition with long- acting insulin.

Destruction of beta cells > Beta cells decline> insulin secretion decreases until insulin is no longer available to maintain normal blood glucose levels.>Beta cells

However, there is a limit and the pancreas stop secreting insulin. Consequently, patients might be prescribed insulin, which is apply in a variety of ways. Insulin can be taken on a needle and syringe, which can be injective in the patients belly, thighs, or upper arm (NIDDK, 2017). Another way to obtain insulin is through an insulin pen that has a needle at its point and its filled with insulin (NIDDK, 2017). Furthermore, a patient can take insulin by inhaling powdered from an inhaler, which is place in the mouth. The insulin inhale goes directly into the lungs and moves into the blood (NIDDK, 2017). All these methods can help the body obtain insulin and reduce the blood glucose in the bloodstream. Moreover, if a person suffers from both obesity and type 2 diabetes they can undergo bariatric surgery. This surgery helps the person lose a large amount of weight and maintain glucose levels under control (NIDDK,

In Type I Diabetes, the body is unable to store and use glucose as an energy source effectively. The pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin, as mentioned above, that helps lower blood sugar. While inside of your pancreas beta cells produce the insulin, however,

After consumption of food, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose in the digestive system which is then absorbed in the blood causing an increase in the blood glucose levels. This rise stimulates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas beta cells which controls the blood glucose levels. Insulin also allows other cells to allow glucose into them by binding on specific cellular receptors thus facilitating the entry of glucose into the cell. Increased secretion of insulin by the pancreas and its subsequent utilization in the cells leads to low blood glucose levels which then result to decreased secretion of insulin. The production of insulin is also affected by disease which causes the dynamics of blood glucose to change when insulin production decreases, entry of glucose into the cells is inhibited which results to hyperglycemia. A similar situation occurs where the insulin secreted by the pancreas is not properly used by the target cells. Insulin secretion may also increase causing the blood sugar levels to become low which is hypoglycemia where the amount of glucose in tissue cells and muscles is higher than that in blood. Diabetes is the disease that occurs when a person's insulin levels are either too high or too low which results in imbalance in blood glucose levels. Type-1 diabetes occurs in those who produce little or no insulin at all while type-2 diabetes occurs in those who produce too high levels of

Many experimental approaches to treat diabetes focus on counteracting the non-stop attack on islet cells that produce insulin which causes the chronic ailment. In North Carolina, researchers created in October artificial beta cells that could detect the need for insulin which automatically secretes it. The technology, they believe, could be delivered using a painless skin patch.

Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the pancreas no longer produces insulin. The lack of insulin makes it impossible for the glucose to enter cells to be used as energy. The onset of the disease happens very quickly and can occur at any age. For people with type 1 diabetes, the problem begins in the pancreas. The pancreas contains the Islets of Langerhans, which are groups of many different types of cells. The can be around 3,000 to 4,000 cells in each cluster. The beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin, can be found in the islets of Langerhans. In the case of the type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system damages or destroys the beta cells. This means the cells can no longer provide adequate amounts of insulin. With no insulin to facilitate the transfer of glucose to the cells, unhealthy blood glucose levels develop along with many other complications. After carbohydrates are consumed,